1. What are aspects in language learning?

There are four basic aspects of language that have been studied: phonology, syntax,
semantics, and pragmatics.

2. What are the most important aspects of learning a

language?

Learning a new language involves listening, speaking, reading, writing, sometimes

even a new alphabet and writing format. If you focus exclusively on just one activity,
the others fall behind.
 What are the most important
aspects of learning a language?
Learning a new language
involves listening,
speaking, reading,
writing, sometimes even a
new alphabet and writing
format. If you focus
exclusively on just one
activity, the others fall
behind.
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF FINANCE
TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

Theme
Syntax :simple sentence , compound sentence,
complex sentence

Teacher: Khaydar Yuldoshev

ISFT – 2024
 SYNTAX
Syntaxis( Greek) “arrangement”
The rules of sentence formation ;
The study of the structure of sentences
Sentence Structure:
Sentence Types
 Sentence Types

• Simple
• Compound
• Complex
• Compound-Complex
Basic Elements of Every Sentence

SUBJECT PREDICATE
 Basic Elements

SUBJECT PREDICATE

Mary plays tennis.

A simple sentence has one subject and one

predicate.
 Simple Sentence

Observe how a simple sentence is constructed:

We went to San Francisco yesterday.

Pronoun Verb Prepositional phrase

We went to San Francisco .

Simple subject Complete predicate

 SIMPLE SENTENCE
SUBJECT PREDICATE

Mary plays tennis.

one subject one predicate

 Simple Sentence

Tom and Mary play tennis.

Compound Subject

&
 Simple Sentence

Tom and Mary

play tennis and swim.

Compound Subject Compound Predicate

& &
 SIMPLE SENTENCE
with compound subject

Tom and Mary play tennis.

SIMPLE SENTENCE
with compound subject and compound predicate

Tom and Mary play tennis and swim.

 Compound Sentence
A compound sentence has more than one part that
can stand alone (independent clauses).

Independent clauses are connected by coordinating

conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs or a semi-colon.

We went to San Francisco, and

most of us danced all night

 Compound Sentence

Subject Verb Prepositional phrase

We went to San Francisco,

Predicate
Coordinating
Conjunction
and most of us danced all night .

Subject Verb Modifying phrase

 Compound Sentence
Use of Coordinating Conjunctions

SUBJECT PREDICATE

and

SUBJECT PREDICATE
 Compound Sentence

Tom swims,

and

Mary plays tennis.

 COMPOUND SENTENCE:
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

For Tom swims, and Mary plays tennis.

And
Nor Clause 1 Clause 2
But
Independent Independent
Or
Yet
So

Comma before “and” in compound sentences!

 COMPOUND SENTENCE:
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS

MOREOVER
Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.
HOWEVER
OTHERWISE Clause 1 Clause 2
THEREFORE
Independent Independent

Note: Semicolon before conjunctive adverb and

comma after conjunctive adverb!
Conjunctive Adverbs “float”
Conjunctive adverbs are sometimes called
“floating” adverbs because they can be
positioned at the beginning, in the middle, or at
the end of a clause.
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:
AT THE BEGINNING, IN THE MIDDLE,AT THE END
Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.
Bob is handsome; he is, moreover, rich.
Bob is handsome; he is rich, moreover.
 Semicolons

“If the relation between the ideas expressed in the main

clauses is very close and obvious without a conjunction,
you can separate the clauses with a semicolon” (Little,
Brown Handbook, 9th Edition, p. 361).
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
SEMICOLON

Tom has benefited from his exercise program;

he is slim and energetic.
 Complex Sentence

A complex sentence has at least two parts: one

that can stand alone and another one that
cannot
The part that cannot stand alone is linked to the
rest of the sentence by a subordinating
conjunction
 Complex Sentence

Since we wanted to have fun,

Subordinating Part that cannot stand alone

Conjunction
Subject Predicate

we went to San Juan yesterday.

 Complex Sentence

SUBJECT - PREDICATE

even though

SUBJECT PREDICATE

Bob is popular even though he is ugly

 COMPLEX SENTENCE:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

The most common subordinating

conjunctions are "after," "although,"
"as," "because," "before," "how,"
"if," "once," "since," "than,"
"that," though," "till," "until,"
"when," "where," "whether,” and
while."
COMPLEX SENTENCE:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Bob is popular even though he is ugly.

Clause 1 Clause 2
Independent Dependent

Even though Bob is ugly, he is popular

Clause 1
Clause 2
Dependent Independent
Compound-Complex Sentence
This type of sentence has more than one part that
can stand alone, and at least one that cannot.
Conjunctions link the different parts of this
sentence.
Compound-Complex Sentence
Subordinating
Conjunction

Since we wanted to have fun,

Part that cannot stand alone

my boyfriend and I went to San Juan,

Coordinating Subject Predicate

Conjunction

and we danced all night.

Compound-Complex Sentence
Mike is popular

because

he is good looking,

but

he is not very happy.

 Exercises
Say if the following sentences are:
Simple, compound, complex or compound-
complex.
 Answers
1. Simple
2. Compound
3. Complex
4. Simple
5. Compound-complex
1. Because Kayla has so much climbing experience , we
asked her to lead our group.
2. You and I need piano lessons.
3. I planned to go to the hockey game, but I couldn’t get
tickets.
4. Dorothy likes white water rafting, but she also enjoys
kayaking.
5. There are many problems to solve before this program
can be used, but engineers believe that they will be able to
solve them soon.
 Answers
1. Complex
2. Simple
3. Compound
4. Compound
5. Compound-complex
 TEST
1. Which of the following is a simple sentence?
A) Tom and Mary play tennis and swim.
B) We went to San Juan yesterday.
C) Tom swims, and Mary plays tennis.
D) Since we wanted to have fun, we went to San Juan yesterday.

2. What is the basic element of every sentence?

A) Verb and Adverb
B) Subject and Predicate
C) Object and Clause
D) Noun and Preposition

3. Which sentence has a compound subject?

A) Tom and Mary play tennis.
B) Tom swims.
C) Mary plays tennis.
D) We went to the park.

4. A sentence with one subject and one predicate is called a:___

A) Compound Sentence
B) Complex Sentence
C) Simple Sentence
D) Compound-Complex Sentence
 TEST
5. Which conjunction is used in a compound sentence?
A) Since
B) Because
C) And
D) Although

6. Which of the following is a compound sentence?

A) Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.
B) We went to San Juan and danced all night.
C) Tom swims and Mary plays tennis.
D) All of the above

7. What punctuation is often used before conjunctive adverbs in compound sentences?

A) Comma
B) Semicolon
C) Period
D) Colon

8. Which of the following sentences contains a subordinating conjunction?

A) Tom swims and Mary plays tennis.
B) Since we wanted to have fun, we went to San Juan yesterday.
C) Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.
D) The bell rang.
 TEST
9. In a complex sentence, the part that cannot stand alone is called:____
A) Independent Clause
B) Dependent Clause
C) Compound Clause
D) Predicate

10. What type of sentence is this? "Although he was tired, he finished his homework."
A) Simple Sentence
B) Compound Sentence
C) Complex Sentence
D) Compound-Complex Sentence

11. Which sentence is an example of a compound-complex sentence?

A) Since we wanted to have fun, my boyfriend and I went to San Juan, and we danced all night.
B) Tom swims and Mary plays tennis.
C) Bob is popular even though he is ugly.
D) The bell rang.

12. Which of these is NOT a coordinating conjunction?

A) For
B) And
C) Nor
D) Because
 TEST
13. What is the role of a semicolon in a compound sentence?
A) To separate clauses
B) To join independent clauses
C) To introduce a list
D) To end a sentence

14. Which of the following sentences has a compound predicate?

A) Tom plays tennis and swims.
B) Tom and Mary play tennis.
C) Mary plays tennis.
D) Tom swims.

15. What type of sentence is this? "We went to the store, and we bought some groceries."
A) Simple Sentence
B) Compound Sentence
C) Complex Sentence
D) Compound-Complex Sentence

16. A sentence that contains two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses is called:_____
A) Simple Sentence
B) Compound Sentence
C) Complex Sentence
D) Compound-Complex Sentence
 TEST
17. Identify the sentence type: "Despite the rain, the game continued, and the players gave their best."
A) Simple Sentence
B) Compound Sentence
C) Complex Sentence
D) Compound-Complex Sentence
18. Which of the following sentences correctly uses a semicolon and a conjunctive adverb?
A) We went to the park, therefore we had fun.
B) We went to the park; therefore, we had fun.
C) We went to the park; and, we had fun.
D) We went to the park, however, we did not stay long.

19. In the sentence "Tom has benefited from his exercise program; he is slim and energetic," the
semicolon is used because:______
A) The two clauses are closely related.
B) It introduces a list.
C) It separates items in a series.
D) It joins a dependent clause to an independent clause.

20. Which sentence best exemplifies the use of a complex sentence with a subordinating conjunction?
A) Tom swims and Mary plays tennis.
B) Because she was late, she missed the bus.
C) We went to the store, and we bought some groceries.
D) The bell rang.
 HOME ASSIGNMENT

ANSWER THESE QUESTION

What is a simple sentence?

What is a compound sentence?

What is a complex sentence?

 References
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grammar level 2Fiona Davis, Wayne Rimmer Cambridge University Press
2011K-44493
2. Mark Nettle .Developing Grammar in Context ,Cambridge University Press
2008 Textbook81.432.1 H 79 925 738 №1
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Cambridge University PressK-43832
4. Michael McCarthy, Felicity O’Dell ,English Vocabulary in Use Advanced
Cambridge University Press 2008 Textbook 81.432.1 M 44 925 737 №1
5. Michael Vince Language Practice New Edition B2 Student's Book.Macmillan
publishers 2014