BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE IN
NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
BRAIN COMPUTER
INTERFACE
BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE
(BCI) IS A FAST-GROWING
EMERGENT TECHNOLOGY IN
WHICH RESEARCHERS AIM TO
BUILD A DIRECT CHANNEL
BETWEEN THE HUMAN BRAIN
AND THE COMPUTER.
BCI(BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE), OFTEN CALLED MIND
MACHINE INTERFACE(MMI) OR DIRECT NEURAL
INTERFACE(DNI).
•IT IS A TECHNOLOGY TO COMMUNICATE HUMAN BRAIN
DIRECTLY TO A COMPUTER OR ANY COMMUNICATION
DEVICE WITHOUT ANY PHYSICAL CONTACT.
•THE HISTORY STARTS WITH HANS BERGER'S DISCOVERY OF
ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF HUMAN BRAIN AND EEG IN 1924.
•THE RESEARCH ON BCI BEGAN ON 1970 AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES.
ELECTROD •LETTER FOR REGION :-
•F - FRONTAL LOBE
E •T - TEMPORAL LOBE
PLACEMEN •C – CENTER
T •O - OCCIPITAL LOBE
STANDAR •P-PARIETAL
D •NUMBER FOR EXACT POSITION
•ODD NUMBERS – LEFT
“10-20 •EVEN NUMBERS – RIGHT
SYSTEM” •THE LISTENER WORE HEADPHONES TO HEAR THE
MUSIC, AND A CAP WITH EEG SENSORS ON IT TO
RECORD NEURAL ACTIVITY. THE 26 SENSOR
ELECTRODES WERE ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE
STANDARD FOR EEG PLACEMENT.
SIGNIFICANCE OF BCI IN
NEUROLOGICAL
DISORDERS
• COMMUNICATION: DIRECT BRAIN CONTROL FOR NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION, AIDING DISABILITIES.
• ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY: ENHANCING INDEPENDENCE, CONTROL
OVER DEVICES, EMPOWERING DISABLED INDIVIDUALS.
• NEUROREHABILITATION: TARGETED THERAPY, IMPROVING MOTOR
FUNCTION, COGNITION, AIDING RECOVERY FROM INJURIES.
• TREATMENT MONITORING: REAL-TIME FEEDBACK, ASSESSING
NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, OPTIMIZING TREATMENT EFFICACY.
WHAT IS AN EEG?
AN ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM IS A
MEASURE OF THE BRAIN'S VOLTAGE
FLUCTUATIONS AS DETECTED FROM
SCALP ELECTRODES. IT IS AN
APPROXIMATION OF THE CUMULATIVE
ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF NEURONS.
•TYPES OF EEG BAND:-
• DELTA(<4HZ)
• THETA(4-8HZ)
• ALPHA(8-12HZ)
• BETA(13-30HZ)
• GAMMA(>30HZ)
MAJOR NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
Alzheimer
Depression
Epilepsy
Frontotemporal dementia
Parkinson’s
Schizophrenia
DEPRESSION
• DEPRESSION IS A PREVALENT AND
SEVERE MENTAL HEALTH CONDITION
MARKED BY PERSISTENT FEELINGS OF
SADNESS AND HOPELESSNESS.
•IT INVOLVES A LACK OF INTEREST OR
PLEASURE IN ACTIVITIES, EXTENDING
BEYOND NORMAL MOOD FLUCTUATIONS.
•DEPRESSION SIGNIFICANTLY IMPACTS
DAILY LIFE, RELATIONSHIPS, AND
OVERALL WELL-BEING.
PROCESSED EEG DATA
MODEL
WORKFLOW
DIAGRAM
PCA( PRINCIPAL COMPONENT
ANALYSIS)
• PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS (PCA) IS A
STATISTICAL PROCEDURE THAT USES AN
ORTHOGONAL TRANSFORMATION THAT CONVERTS
A SET OF CORRELATED VARIABLES TO A SET OF
UNCORRELATED VARIABLES.
•PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS (PCA) IS AN
UNSUPERVISED LEARNING ALGORITHM
TECHNIQUE.
BHATTACHAR
YYA
DISTANCE
• BHATTACHARYYA DISTANCE
QUANTIFIES DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS, INDICATING
THE OVERLAP BETWEEN
THEM.
•IT PROVIDES A MEASURE OF
SIMILARITY OR DISSIMILARITY
BETWEEN TWO
DISTRIBUTIONS.
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)
A Convolutional Neural Network, also known as CNN or
ConvNet, is a class of neural networks that specializes
in processing data that has a grid-like topology, such as
an image.
Convolutional Neural Network Architecture
A CNN typically has three layers: a convolutional
layer, a pooling layer, and a fully connected layer.
BIDIRECTIONAL LSTM ARCHITECTURE
• BI-LSTM IS A VARIANT OF RNN PROCESSING SEQUENTIAL
DATA IN BOTH FORWARD AND BACKWARD DIRECTIONS.
• IT UTILIZES LONG SHORT-TERM MEMORY (LSTM) FOR
EFFECTIVE HANDLING OF SEQUENTIAL INFORMATION.
• BY CAPTURING PAST AND FUTURE CONTEXT, BI-LSTM
ENHANCES THE MODEL'S ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND INPUT
SEQUENCES.
Advantages and Disadvantages of using
Bidirectional- LSTM
Advantages:
• Captures long-term dependencies
• Improved performance
• Flexible architecture
Disadvantages:
• High computational cost
• Requires large amounts of data
MAJOR ISSUES IN DATA
1.Lack of Access: Inability to obtain the data due to restricted
access or proprietary information.
2.Data Privacy Concerns: Strict data protection regulations or
ethical concerns limiting the sharing or collection of certain
information.
3.Technical Challenges: Issues related to data collection
methods, technology limitations, or compatibility problems that
hinder acquiring specific data.
4.Lack of Standardization: Absence of standardized formats or
definitions, making it challenging to gather consistent data across
different sources.
ADVANTAGES OF BCI
• BCIs will help creating a Direct communication between a
human or animal brain and computers.
• Also it provides better living, more features, more
advancement in technologies etc.
• High Precision (can be used reliably)Low bandwidth.
Difficulty in Implementation of BCI
• Cost require for BCI is very high.
• It is risky, because it operates with brain.
• Effective BCI technique requires invasive method.
Requires magnetically shielded room and special kind of
helmet.
• It is slow.
