1. What is Flow ??

2. Different types of fluids

3. Various Measuring principles

4. Fluid Properties Density, Viscosity

5. Reynold Number

6.

7.

8.

9.

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What is Flow??

a certain quantity, which passes a section of a pipe line or a channel in

a certain time

whereby quantity is a generic term for mass or volume

on Gases, volume is dependant from pressure and temperature

volume on liquids is not dependant from pressure because they are not
compressible

Standard condition on gases is related on 0°C and 1,0132 bar (physical)

on energy measurement applications, gas is related on 20°C and 1,0132
bar

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Different types of fluids

Media

Multi Single
Phase Phase

0é
with Phase without Phase Liquids Gases
change change

Newtonian liquids

Non-Newtonian liquids

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Different Types of flow Devices

1. Delta P
2. Force (VA meters)
3. Volume
4. Flow Velocity
5. Direct Massflow

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1. Delta p Instruments

 Bernoulli principle of continuity

 the sum of kinetic and potential energy stays the same
 The delta p is measured by a differential pressure transmitter
 Probably the oldest type of flow measurement
 Integration in time to get totalized flow
Delta p instruments : a. Orifice
b. Annubar probes, pitot tubes
c. Flow nozzles
d. Venturis

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Thin plate Orifice

 pressure loss  p proportional to flow velocity

m =  x  x  x d2 2xpx
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Venturi

 pressure loss  p proportional to flow velocity

m =  x  x  x d2 2xpx
4

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Orifices, Venturis, Nozzles

Preconditions :

 Upstream/ Downstream straight run of 20/ 10 D

 Limited turndown range 5:1
 Creates pressure drop
 High maintenance cost
 No Solid content

Typical inaccuracy:
 ±0.5% of MV in a limited flow and viscosity range

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2. Variable Area Instruments

 Variable area have a conical section where a float is working

 Three forces are acting on the float: gravity force and the weight
from the top, the volumetric flow from the bottom

 Float is pushed up from the flow and resides at the point where

the differential pressure below upper and lower surface

balances
the weight of the float

 Movement from the float is transponded to a local display

 Gases and Liquids can be measured

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Variable Area Meter

Measuring Principle

G = weight
W = form drag
dependant
from float
A = buoyancy
force

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Variable Area Meter

Preconditions :

 Upstream/ Downstream straight run of 20/ 10 D

 turndown range 10:1
 Creates pressure drop
 No Solid content

Typical inaccuracy:
 ±1.6% of MV for gases and liquids

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Types of Variable Area meters

VA 40 DK 34 H 250 M 9 H 250 M10

glas cone metal cone metal cone metal cone
Std. unit for rough appl. Ex approved Std. unit

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Applications

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3. Volumetric measuring instruments

 Volume is direct measured in a chamber or piston with a known

volume
(using reference volume)

 Volume (m3, litre, barrels, ..)

 Example: Positive Displacement (PD) meter

Piston Meter

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Positive Displacement Meter

Principle:

 ‘Hydraulic motor’
 Direct Volume measurement
by Counting Rotor
Revolutions

FMC Energy systems

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Piston meter

Principle:

 ‘Hydraulic motor’
 Direct Volume measurement
by Counting Rotor
Revolutions

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Positive Displacement Meter

Preconditions :

 Upstream/ Downstream straight run of 20/ 10 D

 Limited turndown range
 No Solid content
 Pressure drop
 High maintenance costs

Typical inaccuracy:
 ±0.2% of MV in a limited viscosity range

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4. Flow Velocity Instruments

 Signal proportional to velocity of fluid (m/ sec. or ft/ sec)

 From velocity over known pipe to Volume / time (m3/h, litre/s,
bph, ..)
 In-direct volume measurement
 Integration in time to get totalized flow
Flow velocity instrum. : a. Turbine meters
b. Electromagnetic Flowmeter,
c. Ultrasonic Flowmeter,
d. Vortex Flowmeter

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a. Turbine Meters

 Rotor mounted on a bearing and shaft in a

housing

 The fluid to be measured passes the rotor

causing the rotor to spin
 Rotational speed is proportional to the
flow velocity
 Sensor detect the passage of each turbine blade
(pick-up coil)
 Flow conditioner upstream of Turbine meter
Smith Guardsman L Series Turbine
Meter with Strate Plate

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a. Turbine Meters

Preconditions :

 Upstream/ Downstream straight run of 20/ 10 D

 Limited turndown range
 No Solid content
 High maintenance cost

Typical inaccuracy:
 ±0.2% of MV in a limited viscosity range

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b. Electro Magnetic Flow Meter

   

F q E  v B 
Where:

q = Charge

E = Electric field

v = Liquid velocity

B = Magnetic flux density

 The induced magnetic field is proportional to the flow velocity

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b. Electro Magnetic Flow Meter

Preconditions :

 Minimum conductivity > 5 / 10 µS/cm

 Upstream/ Downstream straight run of 10/ 5 D
 NO air entrainment
 Careful with products with fat content…may coat the
electrodes
 Solid content typical < 5%??

Typical inaccuracy:
 ±0.3% of MV
 ±0.2% of MV on ceramic sensor (design with conical section )

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Types of EMF OPTIFLUX

Ceramic sensor
Sandwich sensor
OPTIFLUX 5000
OPTIFLUX 1000
Abrasive applications
Low cost meter
Chemical/ Paper

Flanged sensor
OPTIFLUX 2000
Water/ waste water Hygienic sensor
applications OPTIFLUX 6000
Food & Pharma
Flanged sensor
OPTIFLUX 4000
Chemical industry

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Applications

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c. Ultrasonic Meter

The difference in transit time is proportional to the mean flow velocity

of the medium.
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c. Multiple Beams: Inline UFM

1. Single path
- Flow profile dependent
- Laminar to turbulent, error < 33%

2. Dual path
- Less dependent on flow profile
- Laminar to turbulent, error < 2%

3. Multi (five) path

- Flow profile independent
- No residual effect on output
- Redundant measurement paths

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c. Ultrasonic Flow Meter

Preconditions :

 Upstream/ Downstream straight run of 10/ 5 D

 NO air entrainment (< 2%)
 Solid content less than 5%

Typical inaccuracy:
 ±0.5% of MV (Standard)
 ±0.3% of MV ( 3 beam)
 ±0.15% of MV (custody transfer)

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Types of Ultrasonic Flow Meters OPTISONIC

2 beam clamp on 3 beam In Line 5 beam In Line 4 beam In line

6300 UFM 3030 Altosonic V 7060
process meter Custody transfer meter Process meter
for liquids for oil products for gases

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Applications

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d. Vortex Flow Meter

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d. Vortex Flow Meter

Preconditions :

 Upstream/ Downstream straight run of 10/ 5 D

 NO air entrainment (< 2%)
 Solid content less than 5%

Typical inaccuracy:
 ±0.5% of MV liquid
 Mass and volume can be measured (temp. and press.
compensated)
 ±1.0% of MV gases
at 10D: -0.5%to 0.7% 10D after reducer: -0.1% - 0.1%

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Types of Vortex meters OPTISWIRL

Sandwich sensor Sandwich sensor Flanged sensor

Low cost meter Pressure compensated Pressure compensated

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Applications

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5. Mass Flow Instruments

 Signal direct proportional to mass flow of fluid (kg/ sec. or lbs/

sec)
 In-direct volume measurement
 Integration in time to get totalized mass
 Example: 1. Coriolis flow meter,
2. Thermal mass flow meter,

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Coriolis Flow Meter

External housing, nominal

patented decoupling pressure 100 Bar

Erreger Innovative dual tube sensor

system
Sensoren

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Coriolis Flow Meter

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Coriolis Mass Flow Meter

Preconditions :

 NO
 Solid content possible with single straight tube

Typical inaccuracy:
 ±0.1% of MV liquids
 ±0.5% of MV gases

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 Types of Coriolis meters OPTIMASS

3000 1000 7000 8000

Low flow meter Std. meter High End meter High temp.meter

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Applications

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Thermal Flow Meters

Many different designs in thermal mass flow meters

Two different mechanical principles:

 Insertiontype instruments (for sizes > DN 15/ ¾”)

 Bypass instruments for small sizes

Two different measuring principles:

 rate of heat loss is proportional to flow

 rate of heater power is proportional to flow

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Measuring principle Thermal Mass Flow meter
Insertion type

 two temperature sensor, one is heated with constant power

 the  temperature is proportional to mass flow

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Measuring principle Thermal Mass Flow meter
Bypass type

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Thermal Mass Flow Meter

Preconditions :

 Upstream Downstream 10D/ 5D

 No moisture in the fluid allowed, creates additional error
 Limited for gases only
 Too much heat dissipation on liquids (in other words only
small sizes)

Typical inaccuracy:
 ± 1.0% of MV of known and calibrated gases
 ± 5.0% of MV of mixed/changing gases e g. flare gases

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Overview Flow
Devices

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Fluid Properties

Density

Viscosity

Reynolds Number

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Fluid Properties - Density

Liquids:
 Density changes much less with Temperature and Pressure (effect nearly
zero)

Gases:
 Ideal gas law: = pxM
ZxRxT

Where:
 P=pressure [N/m2]
 R=Universal gas constant 8.31434 10 3 [J /kmol K]
 Z= compressibility factor (about 1)
 = Density [kg/m3]
 T= Temperature [K] ( K = degC + 273.15)
 M= mole mass of fluid [kg/kmol]

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Fluid Properties - Viscosity

Viscosity

In practise two different kinds:

 Dynamic viscosity [N.s/m2, Pa.s, cP]

 Kinematic viscosity [m2/s, cSt]

For flow applications, dynamic viscosity is important !!

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Fluid Properties - Viscosity

Different viscosity behaviour

Dynamic
viscosity

Newtonian Non-Newtonian
vy

Time independent Time dependent

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Fluid Properties - Viscosity
Newtonian:
 Ratio Shear stress with shear rate is constant
 Viscosity changes only with respect to temperature
 Examples: water, oil, gases
Shear stress [N/m2]

ian
n
to
e w
N

Shear rate, v/y [s-1]

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Fluid Properties - Viscosity
Non-Newtonian fluids
NOT Time dependant Non Newtonian
viscosity varies with given temperature and (Flow) velocity

Dilatant : viscosity increases with increasing shear rate

e.g . starch suspension

Structurviscos : viscosity decrease with increasing shear stress

e. g. most food fluids like joghurt, dressing, ketchup

Plastic : Initial stress required, after stress is reached fluid performs

like a Newtonian fluid (note Plastic=Bingham)

e. g. tooth paste, hand cream, quark

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Fluid Properties - Viscosity
Non-Newtonian fluids
Time dependant Non Newtonian
Visco-elastic (e.g. polymer solutions, plastics, flour dough, ..)

Thixotropic (e.g. pseudo plastic emulsions of soaps)

Rheopectic (e.g. Printer’s ink)

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Fluid Properties - Viscosity

a m fluid
h
Bing
Shear stress [N/m2]

t ic
l as
p
do ia
n op
e u n tr
Ps t o xo
ew Thi
N /
ant
t
la
Di

Shear rate, v/y [s-1]

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Fluid Properties - Viscosity
What is the effect of different ‘viscosity’ behaviour?
 Shape of velocity profile is affected
 Result: larger error in flow measurement (especially if you measure in one section
 Effect of non-Newtonian behaviour on velocity profile is the strongest in laminar
flows

Bingham
Pseudoplastic
Newtonian
Dilatant

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Fluid Properties - Reynolds Number

Reynold number describes the relation between

- flow velocity v
- diameter D
- kinematic viscosity and density 

Re = v x D x 


 The Reynolds number is the only parameter that describes the flow
 Consequently the velocity profile is described by the Reynolds number

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Reynolds number

 Re< 2300 T  Re > 4000

 Laminar Flow profile  Turbulent Flow profile
R
A
N
S
Re
I
E
N
T

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Reynolds number
 Accuracy of flowmeter is affected by flow profile
 Flow profile is function of Reynolds number
 Consequently the Reynolds number plays a role in the characterizing the accuracy of the
flowmeter

Resultaat UFM030 DN100 #D bij Trapil

Vergeleken met metingen bij Altometer

3,0

kerosene
2,0
fuel domestic

brut leger
1,0
brut lourd
afwijking (%)

huile
0,0
water (Altometer)

glycerine (Altometer)
-1,0
• High viscosities • Low viscosities
-2,0 • Small diameters • Large diameters
• Low velocities • High velocities
-3,0
1.000 10.000 100.000 1.000.000
Reynolds

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Thank You for your
attention

 Any Further Questions?

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