Variables, Data Types, and Arithmetic
Expressions
Course Code: CSC1102 &1103 Course Title: Introduction to Programming
Dept. of Computer Science
Faculty of Science and Technology
Lecturer No: 2 Week No: 1 Semester: Spring 23-24
Lecturer: Md. Faruk Abdullah Al Sohan;
[email protected] Lecture 2: Outline
Variables, Data Types, and Arithmetic Expressions
Working with Variables
Understanding Data Types and Constants
The Basic Integer Type int
The Floating Number Type float
The Extended Precision Type double
The Single Character Type char
The Boolean Data Type bool
Storage sizes and ranges
Type Specifiers: long, long long, short, unsigned, and signed
Working with Arithmetic Expressions
Integer Arithmetic and the Unary Minus Operator
The Modulus Operator
Integer and Floating-Point Conversions
Combining Operations with Assignment: The Assignment Operators
Variables
Programs can use symbolic names for storing computation data
Variable: a symbolic name for a memory location
programmer doesn’t have to worry about specifying (or even knowing)
the value of the location’s address
Variables have to be declared before they are used
Variable declaration: [symbolic name(identifier), type]
Declarations that reserve storage are called definitions
The definition reserves memory space for the variable, but doesn’t put
any value there
Values get into the memory location of the variable by
initialization or assignement
Variable declarations
Data type Variable name
Which data types Which variable names
are possible are allowed
Declaration vs Definition
Variable declaration: [Type, Identifier]
Variable definition: a declaration which does also
reserve storage space (memory) !
Not all declarations are definitions
Variables - Examples
int a; // declaring a variable of type int
int sum, a1,a2; // declaring 3 variables
int x=7; // declaring and initializing a variable
a=5; // assigning to variable a, the value 5
a1=a; // assigning to variable a1, the value of a
L-value R-value
a1=a1+1; // assigning to variable a1 the value of a1+1
// (increasing value of a1 with 1)
Variable names
Rules for valid variable names (identifiers) in C :
Name must begin with a letter or underscore ( _ ) and can be followed
by any combination of letters, underscores, or digits.
Any name that has special significance to the C compiler (reserved
words) cannot be used as a variable name.
Examples of valid variable names: Sum, pieceFlag, I, J5x7,
Number_of_moves, _sysflag
Examples of invalid variable names: sum$value, 3Spencer, int.
C++ is case-sensitive: sum, Sum, and SUM each refer to a different
variable !
Variable names can be as long as you want, although only the first 63
(or 31) characters might be significant. (Anyway, it’s not practical to
use variable names that are too long)
Choice of meaningful variable names can increase the readability of a
program
Data types
Basic data types in C: int, float, double, char, and bool.
Data type int: can be used to store integer numbers (values with no decimal
places)
Data type type float: can be used for storing floating-point numbers (values
containing decimal places).
Data type double: the same as type float, only with roughly twice the
precision.
Data type char: can be used to store a single character, such as the letter a,
the digit character 6, or a semicolon.
Data type bool: can be used to store just the values 0 or 1 (used for indicating
a true/false situation). This type has been added by the C99 standard (was not
in ANSI C)
Data types
Data Type Size Range Description
-2,147,483,648 Stores whole numbers, without decimals
int 4 bytes to
2,147,483,647
float 4 bytes Stores fractional numbers, containing one or
more decimals. Sufficient for storing 7 decimal
digits
double 8 bytes Stores fractional numbers, containing one or
more decimals. Sufficient for storing 15 decimal
digits
bool 1 byte true or false Stores true or false values
Stores a single character/letter/number, or
char 1 bytes 0 to 255
ASCII values
Assigning values to char
char letter; /* declare variable letter of type char */
letter = ‘A'; /* OK */
letter = A; /* NO! Compiler thinks A is a variable */
letter = “A"; /* NO! Compiler thinks “A" is a string */
letter = 65; /* ok because characters are really
stored as numeric values (ASCII code),
but poor style */
ASCII(American Standard Code for
Information Interchange)
Working with arithmetic expressions
Basic arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /
Precedence: one operator can have a higher priority, or
precedence, over another operator.
Example: * has a higher precedence than +
a+b*c
if necessary, you can always use parentheses in an expression to
force the terms to be evaluated in any desired order.
Associativity: Expressions containing operators of the same
precedence are evaluated either from left to right or from right
to left, depending on the operator. This is known as the
associative property of an operator
Example: + has a left to right associativity
In C++ there are many more operators -> later in this course !
Working
with #include<iostream>
arithmetic #include<math.h>
using namespace std;
expression int main ()
{
s int a = 100;int b = 2;
int c = 25;int d = 4;
int result;
result = a - b; // subtraction
iostream stands cout<<"a - b = "<< result<<endl;
for standard input- result = b * c; //
output stream. multiplication
#include<iostream> cout<<"b * c = "<<
using result<<endl;
declares objects that
namespac result = a / c; // division
control reading from
e std cout<<"a / c = "<<
and writing to result<<endl;
means
the standard result = a + b * c; //
that we
streams. In other precedence
can use
words, the iostream cout<<"a + b * c =
names for
library is an object- “<<result<<endl;
objects float result1=(float)c/d;
oriented library that
and cout<<result1<<endl;
provides input and
variables return 0;
output functionality }
from the
using streams.
Precedence of Operators
Precedence
!, ++, --, (type)
*, /, %
+, -
=
Integer and Floating-Point
Conversions
Assign an integer value to a floating variable: does
not cause any change in the value of the number;
the value is simply converted by the system and
stored in the floating
Assign a floating-point value to an integer variable:
the decimal portion of the number gets truncated.
Integer arithmetic (division):
int divided to int => result is integer division
int divided to float or float divided to int => result is real
division (floating-point)
The Type Cast Operator
f2 = (float) i2 / 100; // type cast operator
The type cast operator has the effect of converting the value of
the variable i2 to type float for purposes of evaluation of the
expression.
This operator does NOT permanently affect the value of the
variable i2;
The type cast operator has a higher precedence than all the
arithmetic operators except the unary minus and unary plus.
Examples of the use of the type cast operator:
(int) 29.55 + (int) 21.99 results in 29 + 21
(float) 6 / (float) 4 results in 1.5
(float) 6 / 4 results in 1.5
The assignment operators
The C++ language permits you to join the arithmetic operators
with the assignment operator using the following general
format: op=, where op is an arithmetic operator, including +,
–, ×, /, and %.
op can also be a logical later in this course
Example:
count += 10;
Equivalent with:
count=count+10;
Example: precedence of op=:
a /= b + c
Equivalent with:
a = a / (b + c)
addition is performed first because the addition operator has higher
precedence than the assignment operator
Structure of a C++ program
Entry point of a C+
+ program
int main ()
{
int value1, value2, sum; Sequential
value1 = 50; flow of control
value2 = 25;
sum = value1 + value2;
cout<<"The sum = “ <<sum<<endl;
return 0;
}
Controlling the program flow
Forms of controlling the
program flow: Statement1
Executing a sequence of Statement2
statements Statement3
Statement4
Repeating a sequence of
Statement5
statements (until some Statement6
condition is met) Statement7
(looping) Statement8
Using a test to decide
between alternative
sequences (branching)
