Analog Photogrammetry

Process

Er. Sanjeevan Shrestha

Land Management Training Centre
Workflow of Analog Photogrammetry
– Project definition
– Flight planning
– Ground control and signalization
– Aerial flight
– Film Processing
– Orientation
– Aerial triangulation and block
adjustment
– DTM generation
– Orthophoto production
– Feature extraction
– Field verification
– Final map/database
Orientation
Main purpose to provide analogical solution
for object point positions from their
corresponding image positions on
overlapping pair of photo (stereoscopic
model)
the information of the photograph can be
extracted and heights can be measured in
the stereoscopic model.
Process of Orientation
Inner Orientation
Exterior Orientation
 Relative Orientation
 Absolute Orientation
Inner Orientation
Describes the process of the reconstruction
of geometry of camera film with respect to
its base plate
The fiducial marks printed in a diapositive
(Transparent Positive) are used for inner
orientation
The orientation is done by matching printed
photo with instruments original fiducial
marks
Centering the film with respect to the plate
Relative Orientation
Plane condition between two consecutive
photography time may vary and also the
axis of camera
Process of reconstruction of geometry of
cameras positions of two consecutive
exposure stations by applying the rotation
in 3 directions i.e. x, y, z direction
With the help of suitable knobs available in
the instruments, the relative geometry can
be constructed
X-axis – Flight direction
Y-axis – Perpendicular to X-axis through
X-Y coordinate of terrain can be
maintained by relative orientation but
relative vertical control may not be
perceived
After relative orientation, 3-D of image
can be constructed
Absolute Orientation
Process of reconstruction of geometry of
photographs with respect to ground reality
We Use GCP’s for scaling and levelling
(Absolute reality)
The output of inner, relative and
absolute orientation is stereo-
restitution (stereoscopic vision)
Aerial Triangulation
• Aerial triangulation is the process of
measuring points in images or stereo
models such that the orientations of these
photographs can be reconstructed
– Measurement of corresponding points in
overlapping images
– Extension (densification) of control points in
images
– Measurement of ground control points in
images
Type of control point
Ground Control Point
Photo Control Point
Ground Control Point
Prepointing
 Premarking the existing control points before
aerial photography
Post-Pointing
 In pre-pointing, no guarantee to recognize all
control points in photography
Steps:
1. Study the photograph
2. Find out clearly identifiable and accessible
control point and instrument is set up at
that point for coordinate measurement
Photo Control Point
Three types of photo control
points
1. Full control point with known x,
y, z
2. Planimetric control points with
known x and y only
3. Altimetric control point with
known z only.
Tie Point Generation
Tie points are generated through aerial
triangulation can be tie up with control
point for some area
Generally, tie point must lie in overlapped
area and should be identifiable object
There should be 9 tie points in one photo
Types of Aerial Triangulation
Manual
Semi-automatic
Automatic
Purpose of Aerial
Triangulation
For determination of the coordinates of
past point (mirror control point) necessary
for plotting of stereo-model
For rectification
Why AT?
Economic
Minimize delays and hardships due to most
adverse weather condition
Access to much of the property is not
necessary
Minimize field survey
Easily achievable the required accuracy
Principle of Aerial
Triangulation
“to form at first the basic photogrammetric
unit which will be used later to fit into the
ground system of adjustment procedure
with the help of suitable distributed ground
control points”
Methods of Aerial
Triangulation
Radial line Method
Plotted template method
Stereo template method
Strip, Block and Model
Combination of two or more photo to
realize the ground truth is called model
Combination of more than two photos along
the direction of flight to realize the ground
truth is called Strip
Combination of two or more than two strips
to realize the ground truth is called block
Image Interpretation
Spontaneous recognition
Recognise the details without any difficulty
because they are familiar
Logical inference
Needs interpretation elements or cues and
logic for recognising the detail
Elements of Photo
Interpretation
• Shape
– Shape of the detail on the photo, e.g. Linear,
rectangular
• Size
- Size of the object, e.g. Big , small
• Colour (hue, value)
– Colour, brightness, intensity values etc of the
detail, e.g. Red, dark blue, light green
• Texture
– Surface roughness or smoothness of the
detail
Elements of Photo
Interpretation
• Pattern
– Homogeneous structures or repeating
patterns, e.g. Agricultural fields, regularly
spaced building structures
• Shadow
– Height of a detail and shadow casted by it
can be helpful to recognise a detail
– For ex: in vertical photograph, shadow of
dharhara can used to recognize it
– In Oblique photograph, bridge is identified by
shadow of it in water
Elements of Photo
Interpretation
• Site + Association
– Attachment or association of one detail with
other, together help to identify the detail
– Site same but different Association
Ex: Bridge and Road
– Site Different but same association
Feature Extraction
Details are plotted in layers as
 Altimetric Detail
Contour Height
Spot Height
 Planimetric Detail
 Point Data
Line Data
 Polygon Data
Feature Extraction
Generally 8 types of features
1. Landcover - area data
2. Hydrography – Line, area and point
3. Height – Line, point
4. Settlement – Point, polygon
5. Service – Point, line polygon
6. Utility – Point, line polygon
7. Religion – Point, polygon
8. Transportation – Line, Polygon