INTERNET OF THINGS

(IOT)
By
Dr. Seemanti Saha
Associate Professor, ECE, NITP
 OVERVIEW OF
IOT
• Introduction to IoT
• Enabling technologies
• Open problems and future challenges
• Applications

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 WHAT IS IOT?

• A phenomenon which connects a variety of things

– Everything that has the ability to communicate

6
 CONNECTION OF MULTIPLE
VISIONS

7
Source: Atzori et al.
 IOT
DEFINITIONS
• The Internet of Things, also called The Internet of Objects, refers to
a wireless network between objects, usually the network will be
wireless and self-­‐configuring, such as household appliances.
(Wikipedia)

• The term "Internet of Things" has come to describe a number of

technologies and research disciplines that enable the Internet to
reach out into the real world of physical objects. (IoT
2008)

• “Things having identities and virtual personalities operating in smart

spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and communicate
within social, environmental, and user contexts”. (IoT in 2020)
Introduction
 The sixth generation (6G) wireless communication networks are
envisioned to revolutionize customer services and applications via the
Internet of Things (IoT) towards a future of fully intelligent and
autonomous systems.

 What is IoT?
A disruptive technology -“a network of items each of which is embedded with sensors
and
these is
6G sensors are connected
expected to the Internet”
to provide [6].
an entirely new service quality and
enhance user’s experience in current IoT systems due to its superior
features over the previous network generations, such as ultra low-
latency communications, extremely high throughput, satellite-based
customer services, massive and autonomous networks.
• Dinh C. Nguyen, Ming Ding, Pubudu N. Pathirana, Aruna Seneviratne, Jun Li, Dusit Niyato, Octavia
Dobre, and H. Vincent Poor, “6G Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey”, IEEE Internet of Things
 Internet of Things :
Applications
Let us Watch This !!!!!
 APPLICATIONS

• Several different domains • Implications

– Transportation and logistics – Industry practices
– Healthcare – IoT economics
– Smart environment (home, office)
– Human behavior/habits
– Personal and social domain 3
APPLICATION DOMAINS AND SCENARIOS

Source: Atzori et al.

3
 INTERNET OF THINGS APPLICATIONS: SMART HOME

Source : TechTarget
Life Simplified with Connected Devices
INTERNET OF THINGS APPLICATIONS : SMART GRID

Source : Internet
Watch This : Smart Grids in India by TU Delft!
IoT - a pivotal role in the healthcare industry and healthcare
management . A new paradigm termed as Internet-of-Healthcare-
Things (IoHT) or Internet-of-Medical-Things (IoMT), has been coined.

A representative diagram of
an IoHT
INTERNET OF THINGS APPLICATIONS :
HEALTHCARE

Role of IoT in Healthcare Source : Internet Wearables

 HEALTHCARE APPLICATIONS
• Various sensors for various
conditions

• Example ICP sensor: Short or long

term monitoring of pressure in the
brain cavity
• Implanted in the brain cavity and
senses the increase of pressure

• Sensor and associated electronics

encapsulated in safe and
biodegradable material
• External RF reader powers the unit
and receives the signal
• Stability over 30 days so far

Source: Qian Zhang. Lecture notes. • 33

 HEALTHCARE APPLICATIONS
• Other applications:
– National Health Information Network
– Electronic Patient Record
– Home monitoring and control
• Pulse oximeters, blood glucose monitors,
infusion pumps, accelerometers
– Bioinformatics
• Gene/
protein
expression
• Systems
biology
Source: Qian Zhang. Lecture notes. 3
INTERNET OF THINGS APPLICATIONS :
INDUSTRY 4.0

Industrial Revolutions Source : Internet

 INTERNET OF THINGS APPLICATIONS : AGRICULTURE

Source : Internet
Watch This : Smart Agriculture Solution by Infosys
 INTERNET OF THINGS APPLICATIONS : SMART
CITY

Source : Internet of Things is a revolutionary approach for future technology enhancement: a review, Sachin Kumar et al. , Journal of
Big Data, Springer, 2019
INTERNET OF VEHICLES (IOV)
Qualcomm C-V2X Tech Enables Smart
Transportation
 INTERNET OF THINGS APPLICATIONS : REVIEW

Source : IoT Analytics

History of Internet of Things
 Evolution of Internet of Things
Progression in 1980’s : Cloud and Server Space ( Data moved to centralized server )
Progression in 1990’s : Machine to Machine interaction
1995 : First cellular module built, First GPS network ( version 1 ) complete
1998 : IPv6 adds 2^128 new IP addresses
1999 : Kevin Ashton of MIT coins a new term IoT

Progression in 2000-2010 : Fog oriented architectures ( Central Server to

Regional Server located closer to Data Server subnetwork )
2000 : LG announces first smart fridge
2007 : First iPhone released
2008 : First International Conference on IoT held
2009 : Google started testing self driving cars
Progression in 2010-onwards : High Processing
power and Edge computing
2013 : Google glass is released
2014 : Amazon releases Echo ( smart home market opens )
2015 : GM, Uber, Tesla are testing self driving cars
 Any-­‐ X Point of View

Source: Perera et al. 2014

• The Internet of Things allows people and things to be connected Anytime, Anyplace,
with Anything and Anyone, ideally using Any path/ network and Any service.
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 CHARACTERISTICS OF IOT
1. Intelligence
– Knowledge extraction from the generated data
2. Architecture
– A hybrid architecture supporting many others
3. Complex system
– A diverse set of dynamically changing objects
4. Size considerations
– Scalability
5. Time considerations
– Billions of parallel and simultaneous events
6. Space considerations
– Localization
7. Everything-­as-­a-­service
‐ ‐ ‐
– Consuming resources as a service 1
1
IOT – BASIC IDEA
 IOT
ECOSYSTEM
 IOT LAYERED ARCHITECTURE

SW: Middleware and Applications

HW: Sensing And Communication

1
Source: ZTE 2
THE FOUR LAYERED IOT ARCHITECTURE
Source : ITU-T
 WHY IOT NOW?
●
Improved VLSI Technology –
Miniaturization, MEMS Technology for
Sensing Accelerometer Gyroscope

●
Widespread Adoption of
Intellectual Properties

●
Computing Economics -
Availability of System-on-Chips
●
Data Analytics – Descriptive,
Diagnostic, Predictive,
Prescriptive
●
Fast connectivity
●
Rise of Cloud Computing –
Provides scalability to the Big
Data generated by IoT Devices
NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATION

• RFID to smallest enabling technologies, such as chips, etc.

• Mobile platforms, such as sensors, phones, etc.
1
Source: Qian Zhang. Lecture notes. 2013 3
 RFIDs

• The reduction in terms of size, weight, energy consumption, and cost of the
radio takes us to a new era
– This allows us to integrate radios in almost all objects and thus, to add the world
‘‘anything” to the above vision which leads to the IoT concept
• Composed of one or more readers and tags
• RFID tag is a small microchip attached to an antenna
• Can be seen as one of the main, smallest
components of IoT, that collects data

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4
 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
• Telecommunication systems
– Initial/primary service: mobile voice telephony
– Large coverage per access point (100s of meters – 10s of
kilometers)
– Low/moderate data rate (10s of kbit/s – 10s of Mbits/s)
– Examples: GSM, UMTS, LTE
• WLAN
– Initial service: Wireless Ethernet extension
– Moderate coverage per access point (10s – 100s meters)
– Moderate/high data rate (Mbits/s – 100s)
– Examples: IEEE 802.11(a-­‐g), Wimax

1
Source: Geert Heijenk. Mobile and Wireless Networking. Lecture 5
 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
• Short range:
– Direct connection between devices – sensor networks
– Typical low power usage
– Examples: Bluetooth, Zigbee, Z-­‐wave (house products)
• Other examples:
– Satellite systems
• Global coverage
• Applications:
audio/TV
broadcast,
positioning,
personal
communicatio
ns
– Broadcast systems 1
Source: Geert
• Heijenk. Mobile and Wireless Networking. Lecture 6
 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (WSN)
• Consist of a certain number (which can be very high) of sensing nodes
(generally wireless) communicating in a wireless multi-­‐hop fashion

Source: Perera et al. 1

 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (WSN)

• WSNs generally exist without IoT but IoT cannot exist without
WSNs
• WSNs have been designed, developed, and used for specific
application purposes
– Environmental monitoring, agriculture, medical care, event
detection etc.
• For IoT purposes, WSNs need to have a middleware
addressing these issues:
– Abstraction support, data fusion, resource constraints, dynamic
topology, application knowledge, programming paradigm, adaptability,
scalability, security, and QoS support

1
8
 MIDDLEWA
RE
• Middleware is a software layer that stands
between the networked operating system and
the application and provides well known
reusable solutions to frequently encountered
problems like heterogeneity, interoperability,
security, dependability [Issarny, 2008]

• IoT requires stable and scalable middleware

solutions to process the data coming from the
networking layers
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SERVICE ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE (SOA)

• Middleware solutions for IoT

usually follow SOA
approaches
• Allows SW/HW reuse
– Doesn’t impose specific
technology
• A layered system model
addressing previous issues
– Abstraction, common
Source: Atzori et al.
2
2010 1
 OTHER MIDDLEWARE EXAMPLES
• Fosstrak Project
– Data dissemination/aggregation/filtering/interpretation
– Fault and configuration management, lookup and directory service,
tag ID management, privacy
• Welbourne et al.
– Tag an object/create-­‐edit location info/combine events collected by
antennas
• e-­‐ S e n s e P roject
– Middleware only collects data in a distributed fashion and transmits
to actuators
• UbiSec&Sens Project
– Focuses on security, secure data collection, data store in memory, etc.

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2
 OPEN PROBLEMS AND
CHALLENGES
• Lack of standardization
• Scalability
– Addressing issues
– Understanding the big data
• Support for mobility
• Address acquisition
• New network traffic patterns to handle
• Security/Privacy issues

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3
 STANDARDIZAT
ION
• Several standardization efforts but not integrated in a comprehensive
framework
• Open Interconnect Consortium: Atmell, Dell, Intel, Samsung and Wind
River
• Industrial Internet Consortium: Intel, Cisco, GE, IBM
• AllSeen Alliance: Led by Qualcomm, many others

2
 SCALABILITY

• Number of devices increasing exponentially

– How can they uniquely be tagged/named?
– How can the data generated by these devices be managed?
2
 ADDRESSING
ISSUES
• Incredibly high number of nodes, each of which will produce
content that should be retrievable by any authorized user
– This requires effective addressing policies
– IPv4 protocol may already reached its limit. Alternatives?
– IPv6 addressing has been proposed for low-­power
‐ wireless
communication nodes within the 6LoWPAN context
• IPv6 addresses are expressed by means of 128 bits 1038
addresses, enough to identify objects worth to be addressed
• RFID tags use 64–96 bit identifiers, as standardized by EPCglobal,
solutions to enable the addressing of RFID tags into IPv6 networks

Encapsulation of
RFID message into
an IPv6 packet.
Source: Atzori et al.
(2010)
2
6
 NEW TRAFFIC TO
HANDLE
• The characteristics of the smart objects traffic in the IoT is still
not known
– Important  basis for the design of the network infrastructures and
protocols
• Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) traffic characterization
– Strongly depend on the application scenario
– Problems arise when WSNs become part of the overall Internet
– The Internet will be traversed by a large amount of data generated by
sensor networks deployed for heterogeneous purposes  extremely
different traffic characteristics
– Required to devise good solutions for supporting quality of service

2
 SECURI
TY
• The components spend most of the time unattended
– It is easy to physically attack them
• IoT components are characterized by low capabilities in terms of
both energy and computing resources
– They can’t implement complex schemes supporting security
• Authentication problem
– Proxy attack, a.k.a. man in the middle attack problem
• Data integrity
– Data should not be modified
without the system detecting it
– Attacks on the node
• Memory protection
– Attacks over the network
• Keyed-­‐Hash Message Auth. Code
2
Man in the middle attack Source: Atzori et al.
 PUTTING IT ALL
TOGETHER

Source: “What the Internet of Things (IoT) Needs to Become a

Reality,” White Paper, by K. Karimi and G. Atkinson 3
 ENVIRONMENTAL
APPLICATION: CITISENSE
• Air quality monitoring project in UCSD CSE

• Environmental application

• Electrochemical sensors,
microcontroller for data collection
and transmission to an Android app

• Actuation: air quality is immediately

reported, as well as retransmitted
to a backend for larger-­scale
‐ analysis
3
 TRANSPORTATION
APPLICATIONS
• Vehicle control: Airplanes, automobiles, autonomous
vehicles
– All kinds of sensors to provide accurate, redundant view of
the world
– Several processors in cars (Engine control, break system,
airbag deployment system, windshield wiper, door locks,
entertainment system, etc.)
– Actuation is maintaining control of the vehicle
– Very tight timing constraints and requirements enforced by
the platforms

3
 EXAMPLE TRANSPORTATION
SCENARIOS
1. A network of sensors in a vehicle can interact with its
surroundings to provide information
– Local roads, weather and traffic conditions to the car
driver
– Adaptive drive systems to respond accordingly
2. Automatic activation of braking systems or speed control
via fuel management systems.
– Condition and event detection sensors can activate systems
to maintain driver and passenger comfort and safety through
the use of airbags and seatbelt pre-­tensioning
‐
3. Sensors for fatigue and mood monitoring based on
driving conditions, driver behavior and facial indicators
– Ensuring safe driving by activating warning systems or directly
controlling
Source: Qian the vehicle
Zhang. Lecture notes. 3
 SMART HOME
APPLICATIONS

• Smart meters, heating/cooling, motion/temperature/

lighting sensors, smart appliances, security, etc. 3
A FUTURISTIC APPLICATION:
SHOPPING
• When entering the doors,
scanners will identify the
tags on her clothing.
• When shopping in the
market, the goods
will introduce
themselves.
• When paying for the goods,
the microchip of the credit
card will communicate with
checkout reader.
• When moving the goods, the
reader will tell the staff to
put a new one.

Source: Qian Zhang. Lecture notes. 3

AN EXCITING
FUTURE!

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