DESIGN OF SURFACES
AND GUIDEWAYS
BONGOLAN, JESSICA A.
CAYABAN,CAMILLE M.
COSTALES, MAE
HIGHWAY PAVEMENT
Is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended to
sustain vehicular or foot traffic, such as a road or walkway. In the
past, gravel road surfaces, cobblestone and granite setts were
extensively used, but these surfaces have mostly been replaced by
asphalt or concrete.
PAVEMENT COMPONENTS
Sub-grade Course- The original soil lying below the layers designated as the
base and sub-base materials. On fill road section, sub-grade consists of
imported materials taken from nearby roadway cuts or from borrow pit.
Sub-base Course- The earth beneath the road, properly arrange and graded,
compacted and stabilized. It is defined as the supporting structure on which
the pavement surface and its special under-courses rest.
Base Course- is the materials laid on top of the sub-base consisting of
crushed stone or gravel, sometimes mixed with asphalt binders.
Surface Course- is the material laid over the base course consisting of
Asphalt or Portland Cement Concrete. It provides a smooth and safe riding.
Requirements of a pavement
An ideal pavement should meet the following requirements:
Sufficient thickness to distribute the wheel load stresses to a
safe value on the sub-grade soil,
Structurally strong to withstand all types of stresses imposed
upon it,
Adequate coefficient of friction to prevent skidding of vehicles,
Smooth surface to provide comfort to road users even at high
speed,
Produce least noise from moving vehicles,
Dust proof surface so that traffic safety is not impaired by
reducing visibility,
Impervious surface, so that sub-grade soil is well protected, and
Long design life with low maintenance cost.
TWO PAVEMENTS TYPES
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT OR ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT
RIGID PAVEMENT OR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT OR ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT
-Asphalt concrete, commonly called asphalt, tarmac,
pavement or black top, is a composite material used in the construction of
roadways and parking lots. The flexible pavement, having less flexural
strength, acts like a flexible sheet (e.g. bituminous road).
RIGID PAVEMENT OR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT
-Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement, or sometimes
called rigid pavement, refers to the rigid concrete layer of the pavement
structure that is in direct contact with the traffic. PCC pavements are subject
to challenging environments and loads over their lifetimes, so the concrete
must be strong and durable, yet cost effective and workable. Rigid
pavements, wheel loads are transferred to sub-grade soil by flexural strength
of the pavement and the pavement acts like a rigid plate (e.g. cement
concrete roads).
Types of Flexible Pavements
The following types of construction have been used in flexible
pavement:
Conventional layered flexible pavement,
Full - depth asphalt pavement, and
Contained rock asphalt mat (CRAM).
Conventional flexible pavements are layered systems with
high quality expensive materials are placed in the top where
stresses are high, and low quality cheap materials are placed in
lower layers.
Full - depth asphalt pavements are constructed by placing
bituminous layers directly on the soil sub-grade. This is more
suitable when there is high traffic and local materials are not
available.
Contained rock asphalt mats are constructed by placing
dense/open graded aggregate layers in between two asphalt
layers. Modified dense graded asphalt concrete is placed above
Typical layers of a flexible pavement
Typical layers of a conventional flexible pavement includes seal coat,
surface course, tack coat, binder course, prime coat, base course, sub-
base course, compacted sub-grade, and natural sub-grade.
Seal Coat:
Seal coat is a thin surface treatment used to water-proof the surface
and to provide skid resistance.
Tack Coat:
Tack coat is a very light application of asphalt, usually asphalt
emulsion diluted with water. It provides proper bonding between two layer
of binder course and must be thin, uniformly cover the entire surface, and
set very fast.
Prime Coat:
Prime coat is an application of low viscous cutback bitumen to an
absorbent surface like granular bases on which binder layer is placed. It
provides bonding between two layers. Unlike tack coat, prime coat
penetrates into the layer below, plugs the voids, and forms a water tight
surface.
Asphalt Pavement Thickness
Typical Cross-Section Of Flexible Pavements
Flexible Pavement/Asphalt Pavement
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Asphalt Roads
Advantages Disadvantages
Economical Care and Sealing
Recycle Cracks
Safe Disadvantages Construction
Durability Environmental Issues
Weather pollution Equipment
Types of Rigid Pavements
Rigid pavements can be classified into four types:
Jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP)
Jointed reinforced concrete pavement (JRCP)
Continuous reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP)
Pre-stressed concrete pavement (PCP)
Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement:
are plain cement concrete pavements constructed with closely spaced
contraction joints. Dowel bars or aggregate interlocks are normally used for
load transfer across joints. They normally has a joint spacing of 5 to 10m.
Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement:
Although reinforcements do not improve the structural capacity significantly,
they can drastically increase the joint spacing to 10 to 30m. Dowel bars are
required for load transfer. Reinforcements help to keep the slab together even
after cracks.
Continuous Reinforced Concrete Pavement:
Complete elimination of joints are achieved by reinforcement.
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement Thickness
Typical Cross-Section Of Rigid Pavement
Rigid Pavement/Concrete Pavement
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Concrete Roads
Advantages
Durability and maintenance free life
Vehicles consume less fuels
Greener process
Saving of natural resources
Disadvantages
Paving cost
Maintenance problem
