University of Khartoum

Department of Electrical & Electronic

Engineering
EEE31303: Electromagnetic
First Semester 2024
Lecture #2
Basic Concepts 2
Victor Analysis
 Coordinates System
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRODYNAMICS, David J. Griffiths, Section 1.4
 General course Information

A coordinate system is a way to pinpoint a point's
location in space.

To locate a point, most coordinate systems employ
a set of three numbers called a coordinate.
 The distance between a location and the origin, a fixed
reference point, is represented by each of these number.,
 Type of Coordinates Systems

The number line
 is a straight line with equal intervals between the
integers.
 Negative numbers are positioned on the left side of
zero, and all positive numbers are positioned on the
right.
 Type of Coordinates Systems

Cartesian coordinate system
 The coordinates of a point x,y,z) are assumed to be the
signed distances between two specified perpendicular
lines in the plane.
 Type of Coordinates Systems

Polar coordinate system
 In the two-dimensional polar coordinate system, the
distance from a reference point and the angle from a
reference direction determine the location of every
point on a plane.

A ray pointing in the direction of the reference is called the
polar axis, and the reference point is called the pole.

The angle is known as the angular coordinate, polar angle, or
azimuth, and

the distance from the pole is known as the radial coordinate,
radial distance, or simply radius.
Type of Coordinates Systems
 Converting polar and Cartesian
coordinates
x=r cos ( φ ) , y =r sin ( φ )

 conversion between cylindrical and

Cartesian coordinates,
r =√ x 2 + y 2 =hypot ( x , y )

{ ()x
cos− 1 if y ⩾ 0 r ≠ 0
r
φ=
− cos ( )
x
−1
if y< 0
r
undefined if r =0
 Type of Coordinates Systems

Cylindrical coordinate system
 The three coordinates (ρ, φ, z) of a
point P are defined as:

The radial distance ρ is the Euclidean
distance from the z-axis to the point P.

The azimuth φ is the angle between the
reference direction on the chosen plane
and the line from the origin to the
projection of P on the plane.

The axial coordinate or height z is the
signed distance from the chosen plane to
the point P.hosen plane to the point P.
Type of Coordinates Systems
 Converting cylindrical coordinate to cartesian
coordinates, x= ρ cos ( φ )
 y= ρsin ( φ )
z=z
 Converting Cartesian coordinate to cylindrical
coordinates, ρ=√ x 2 + y 2 =hypot ( x , y )

{
indetermine if x=0 and y =0
sin
−1
( )
y
ρ
if x ≥ 0

( )
φ= −1 y
−sin +π if x < 0 and y ≥ 0
ρ
sin−1 ( )
y
ρ
+π if x <0 and y <0
 Type of Coordinates Systems

Spherical coordinate system
 The spherical coordinates of a point P then
are defined as follows:

The radius or radial distance is the
Euclidean distance from the origin O to
P.

The inclination (or polar angle θ) is
the signed angle from the zenith
reference direction to the line segment
OP. (Elevation may be used as the
polar angle instead of inclination; see
below.)

The azimuth (or azimuthal angle φ) is
the signed angle measured from the
azimuth reference direction to the
orthogonal projection of the radial line
segment OP on the reference plane.
Type of Coordinates Systems
 Conversion from Cartesian to spherical coordinate

{
r =√ x 2 + y 2 + z 2
tan
−1
( √ x2 + y2
z ) if z > 0

θ=cos −1
(√ z
x2 + y2 + z 2 )=cos− 1 ()
z
r
= π + tan − 1
( √ x2 + y2
z ) if z <0

if z =0 and √ x + y ≠ 0
2 2
π
undefined if z = y= x=0

{
tan
−1
() y
x
if x > 0

tan
y
x
−1
+π () if x < 0 and y < 0
φ=sgn ( y ) cos −1
(√ 2
x
x +y
2 ) =cos −1 ()
z
r
=
tan
−1 y
−π () if x <0 and y >0
x
+ π if x=0 and y < 0
− π if x=0 and y > 0
undefined if y =x=0
Type of Coordinates Systems
 Conversion from Spherical coordinates to Cartesian
coordinate
x=r sin ( θ ) cos ( φ )
y=r sin ( θ ) sin ( φ )
z=r cos ( θ )
Complex numbers Plane
ⅉ
z=4+4j ⅉ
4j j
ejφ = cos φ +j
sin φ
3j

2j si
φ n ℝ
j φ
φ 0 co 1
s
ℝ φ
1 2 3 4

Polar form using Euler's

Rectangular or Cartesian form
formula

it is generally much simpler to work with complex

numbers expressed in polar form rather than
rectangular form.
Complex numbers operations
◦ Multiplication
j ( φ 1+φ 1 )
r 1 e j φ r 2 e j φ =r 1 r 2 e
1 2

◦ Division
j φ1
r1 e r1 j ( φ − φ )
j φ2
= e 1 1

r e r2
◦ Exponentiation (De Moivre's formula)
2

◦ Root Extraction( (Principal

) jφ n
root) n jnφ
re =r e

φ
j
√r e
n jφ
=√ r e
n n
 Vectors Analysis
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRODYNAMICS, David J. Griffiths, Section 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
Introduction

For every point in space assigned either,
 A scalar value, scalar field

mathematically expressed as f(x, y, z)

assigns a scalar value, such as pressure or temperature.
 A vector by a vector field,

denoted as F(x, y, z) = [F1(x, y, z), F2(x, y, z), F3(x, y, z)].

This vector comprises both magnitude and direction

Various algebraic operations such as addition,
subtraction, and multiplication can be performed in
vector algebra.

Generally, vectors are used to describe the properties
of the electrical and magnetic fields.
Gradient of a scalar field
∂U ∂U ∂U ∂ ∂
^ x+ u^ y+
∂
^
gard U = u^ x + u^ y + u^ z ∇=
∂x
u
∂
u
∂z z
∂x ∂y ∂z
u^ x , u^ y and u^ z are the unit vectors in the x, y and z directions r5espectivel


Gradient of scalar generates vector field
 i.e. ∇U is a vector field
 U is a scalar function U(x,y,z)

the gradient of a scalar field tends to point in the direction of
greatest change of the field.

gradU has the property that
 the rate of change of U wrt distance in a particular direction (d̂ ) is
the projection of gradU onto that direction (or the component of
gradU in that direction).
Gradient of a scalar field

gradU has the property that
 the rate of change of U wrt distance in a particular
direction (d̂ ) is the projection of gradU onto that
direction (or the component of gradU in that direction).
 At any point P, gradU points in the direction of greatest
change of U at P, and has magnitude equal to the rate of
change of U wrt distance in that direction.
 gradU is everywhere NORMAL to a surface of constant
U.
Divergence of a vector field
∂ A1 ∂ A2 ∂ A3 ⃑
div ⃑
A= + + A ( x , y , z ) = A1 u^ x + A 2 u^ y + A 3 u^ z
∂x ∂y ∂z
div ⃑ (
A = u^ x
∂
∂x
+ u^ y
∂
∂y
+u
^z )
∂ ⃑
∂z
. A =∇ . ⃑
A


The divergence computes a scalar quantity from a
vector field A by differentiation.
 the divergence of a vector field is a scalar field.

The divergence of a vector field represents the flux
generation per unit volume at each point of the
field. (Divergence because it is an efflux not an
influx.)
The Laplacian of a scalar field U

div (grad U)
(( ) )
2 2 2
2 ∂ ∂ ∂
∇ U= 2
+ 2
+ 2
.U
∂x ∂ y ∂z

 Laplace’s equation
2
∇ U =0
The curl of a vector field A

the curl of a vector field is a vector field.
∇ ×⃑
A ≡ curl ( ⃑
A)

[ ]

u^ x u^ y u^ z
 A= ∂
∇ ×⃑ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
Ax Ay Az


 ∇ ×⃗
A= ( ∂ Az ∂ Ay
∂y
−
∂z ) (
^
ux+
∂ Ax ∂ Az
∂z
−
∂x
^
uy+ ) (
∂ A y ∂ Ax
∂x
−
∂y )
u^ z

⃑
A

The circulation
∮ ⃑A . d r⃑ of vector a round any closed
curve C C
is defined to be and the curl of the
vector field A represents the vorticity, or
circulation per unit area, of the field.
Some definitions

A vector field with zero divergence is said to be
solenoidal.

A vector field with zero curl is said to be
irrotational.

A scalar field with zero gradient is said to be
constant.
Gauss’ and Stock’s Theorem

Gauss’ theorem
∮ ⃑A . d ⃑S .=∫ div ⃑A dV
S V


Stock’s theorem
∮ ⃑A . d l⃑ =∫ ∇ × ⃑A . d ⃑S
C S