Lecture 8

Wind Loading Codes and

Standards: ASCE 7-22
Jin Wang, PhD
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
 Davenport Wind Loading Chain

Professor Davenport's approach to wind loading was to

combine its key components in a chain of thought,
analogous to a physical chain, whose strength is
determined by its weakest link. In recognition of this
and his many other achievements, the International
Association of Wind Engineering has officially named
his approach to wind loading as the “Alan G. Davenport
Wind Loading Chain”.
 Wind loading codes and standards
 Simplified provisions to assist practicing engineers to evaluate
wind loads and structural responses
 Although they are based on extensive research, they often use
simplified models of wind loading and the buildings. Therefore, a
greater accuracy cannot be expected from them.
 Most wind loads and standards contain:
• Basic or reference wind speeds for various zones and
locations
• Modification factors for terrain, height, directionality,
topography, and shelter
• Shape factors (pressure or force coefficients) for structures
of various shapes
• Recommendations on dynamic resonant effects of wind on
flexible structures
 Major wind loading codes and standards
 The following are major wind loading codes and standards across world.
• NBCC 2020
• ISO 4354 Wind actions on structures (1997)
• prEN 1991-1-4.6 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – part 1.4: General
actions – Wind actions (2004)
• Italian standard. Guide for the assessment of wind actions and effects
on structures (CNR – DT 207/2008)
• ASCE standard ASCE 7-22. Minimum design loads for buildings and
other structures
• AIJ recommendations for loads on buildings (Japan)
• Australian / New Zealand Standard. Structural design actions. Part 2:
Wind actions AS/NZS 1170.2
• British Standard. Loading for buildings. Part 2. Code of practice for
wind loads.
 Definitions
Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS): MWFRS
pertains to a structural frame or an assemblage of
structural elements working together to transfer wind
loads acting on the entire structure to the ground. The
system typically receives wind loads from more than one
surface.

Components and Cladding (C&C): C&C is defined as

elements of the building envelope that do not qualify as
part of the MWFRS.
 ASCE 7-22
 There are seven chapters for wind loadings in ASCE 7-22
• Chapter 26: Wind Loads: General Requirements
• Chapter 27: Wind Loads on Buildings: Main Wind Force Resisting
System (Directional Procedure)
• Chapter 28: Wind Loads on Buildings: Main Wind Force Resisting
System (Envelope Procedure)
• Chapter 29: Wind Loads on Building Appurtenances and Other
Structures: Main Wind Force Resisting System (Directional Procedure)
• Chapter 30: Wind Loads: Components and Cladding
• Chapter 31: Wind Tunnel Procedure
• Chapter 32: Tornado Loads
Outline of process for determining wind loads
Introduction – Differences between
Chapters 27 & 28
• Chapter 27 considers all building shapes while Chapter 28 considers only low-rise

• Chapter 27 and 28 have philosophically different approaches:

- chapter 27 uses mean pressure coefficients with the gust-effect factor

- chapter 28 uses directly measured peak values

- chapter 27 considers only overall loads (uplift, base shear)

- chapter 28 used concept of influence surfaces to consider many reactions

- chapter 27 considers dynamic (resonant) loads along with buffeting loads

- chapter 28 is only buffeting loads

• These differences arose because of (i) different design (structural systems) needs
of low- and high-rise buildings (non-resonant v. resonant), (ii) distinct historical
development for both, and (iii) technical limitations with measurement
instrumentation in the 1970s (the data is all 40 – 50 years old).
 Chapter 27
• Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Rigid and Flexible Buildings
Design wind pressures for the MWFRS of buildings of all heights, shall be
determined by the following equation:

where
for windward walls evaluated at height z above the ground;
for leeward walls, side walls, and roofs evaluated at height mean roof height h;
for windward walls, leeward walls, side walls, and roofs of enclosed buildings,
partially open buildings and for negative internal pressure evaluation in partially
enclosed buildings;
for positive internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings, where
height z is defined as the level of the highest opening in the building that could
affect the positive internal pressure;
= Wind directionality factor;
= Gust-effect factor
= External pressure coefficients
Internal pressure coefficient
 Chapter 27

𝑞 𝑧 =0.613 𝐾 𝑧 𝐾 𝑧𝑡 𝐾 𝑒 𝑉 2

where
Velocity pressure exposure coefficient
Topographic factor
Ground elevation factor
Basic wind speed, corresponds to a 3 s
gust speed at 33ft (10m) above the
ground in Exposure Category C
Velocity pressure at height z.
 Topographic factor

𝑞 𝑧 =0.613 𝐾 𝑧 𝑲 𝒛𝒕 𝐾 𝑒 𝑉 2
 Ground Elevation Factor
𝑞 𝑧 =0.613 𝐾 𝑧 𝐾 𝑧𝑡 𝐾 𝑒 𝑉 2

The ground elevation factor to adjust for air density shall be

determined in accordance with Table 26.9-1.
 Velocity Pressure Exposure
Coefficient
𝑞 𝑧 =0.613 𝐾 𝑧 𝐾 𝑧𝑡 𝐾 𝑒 𝑉 2
Based on the exposure category, a velocity pressure exposure
coefficient shall be determined from Table 26.10-1.
Boundary-Layer Separation

Flow about a building with sharp edges

14
Chapter 27
Chapter 27
Chapter 27: Design wind load cases
 Definitions: L and B
y

H W

W D
D
Y B Y

L
B

X
X

L
Cp: External Pressure Coefficient
Roof Pressure Distribution
Cp: External Pressure Coefficient
 Example
(i)Roof slope=1/12 (ii)Roof slope=1/48

15 15

H(m)
10
H(m)

10 5
5 0 5
0 1
6
2
7
3 8
W=24.38m 4 D=38.1m W=24.38m 9 D=38.1m

(iii)Roof slope=1/12 (iv)Roof slope=1/12

15
10 15

H(m)
H(m)

7.5
5 0 14
10
0 15
11
12 16
W=48.77m 17 D=76.2m
13 D=19.05m
W=12.19m
 Example

Case 2 H=12.19m (ii)Roof slope=1/48 Area-

(i)Roof slope=1/12
D=38.1m averaged
15 W=24.38m
15
roof uplift

H(m)
10
H(m)

10
5
1
Roof
5
0 5slope=1/12
0 6
2
3
𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛
7
𝜃=1
8
/12
o
Case 1
W=24.38m 4 D=38.1m
𝜃 4.8
W=24.38m 9 D=38.1m

(iii)Roof slope=1/12 (iv)Roof slope=1/12

15
15
H(m)
10
H(m)

7.5
5 0 14
10
0 15
11
12 16
W=48.77m 17 D=76.2m
13 D=19.05m
W=12.19m
 Example
− 0.3
− 0.5 H=12.19m H=12.19m
𝐻
− 0.9 𝐻 /2 D=38.1m L=D=38.1m
− 0.9 𝐻 /2 W=24.38m B=W=24.38m
Roof slope=1/12 H/L=12.19/38.1=0.32
L~3H
Case 1
𝐻𝐵 𝐻𝐵
( −0.9 ) × + ( −0.9 ) × + (− 0. 5 ) × 𝐻𝐵 +(−0.3) × ( 𝐿 −2 𝐻 ) 𝐵
2 2
𝐶𝑝 =
𝐵× 𝐿
𝐶𝑝=− 0.56
 Example
Case 2
− 0.5 H=12.19m H=12.19m
𝐻 D=38.1m L=W=24.38m
W=24.38m B=D=38.1m
− 0.9 − 0.9 Roof slope=1/12 H/L=12.19/24.38=0.5
𝐻 /2 𝐻 /2 𝐻𝐵 𝐻𝐵
( −0.9 ) × + ( −0.9 ) × + (− 0. 5 ) × 𝐻𝐵
2 2
𝐶𝑝 =
𝐵×𝐿
𝐶𝑝=− 0.7
Enclosure Classification
 Chapter 27
• Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Rigid and Flexible Buildings
Design wind pressures for the MWFRS of buildings of all heights, shall be
determined by the following equation:

where
for windward walls evaluated at height z above the ground;
for leeward walls, side walls, and roofs evaluated at height mean roof height h;
for windward walls, leeward walls, side walls, and roofs of enclosed buildings,
partially open buildings and for negative internal pressure evaluation in partially
enclosed buildings;
for positive internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings, where
height z is defined as the level of the highest opening in the building that could
affect the positive internal pressure;
= Wind directionality factor;
= Gust-effect factor
= External pressure coefficients
Internal pressure coefficient
Gust effect factor model in ASCE 7-22
 Gust effect factor model in ASCE 7

(
1+1.7 𝐼 𝑧 √ 𝑔 𝑄 𝑄 +𝑔 𝑅 𝑅
)
2 2 2 2
𝐺 𝑓 =0.925
1+1.7 𝑔𝑉 𝐼 𝑧

where, is gust effect factor of structural response, is gust effect

factor only considering background effects (i.e., for infinitely rigid
structure). , , are peak factors of wind velocity, of structural
response only due to background turbulence effects, and of
structural response due to resonant effects, respectively. and are
background response factor and resonant response factor,
respectively. is turbulence intensity at reference height, , where H is
building height.
 Assignment 4
Case 2
(i)Roof slope=1/12

15

H(m)
H(m)

10
5
0 1
2
3
W=24.38m 4 D=38.1m

Case 1
H= 4.88m, 7.32m, and 9.75m
(iii)Roof slope=1/12

15
Chapter 28

𝒑=𝒒 𝒉 𝑲 𝒅 (𝑮𝑪𝒑)− 𝒒 𝒉 𝑲 𝒅 (𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒊)

𝒑 =𝒒 𝒉 𝑲 𝒅 [ ( 𝑮𝑪𝒑 ) − ( 𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒊 ) ]
Chapter 28
Chapter 28
Chapter 28
Chapter 28