Computer Concepts and Applications
Lecture No: 01
introducing Today’s Technologies: Computers, Devices, and the Web
Instructor: Muhammad Ramzan
Email Address: [email protected]
Marking Scheme
Assessment Plan Marks Distribution
Assignments + Presentations 15
Quizzes 15
Mid-Term Exam 30
Final Exam. 40
Outline
TODAY’S TECHNOLOGY
Define Computer
Computer basic operations
Parts of Computer
Computer Organization
Looking Inside the Machine
Evolution of Technology
TODAY’S TECHNOLOGY
Since technology is constantly evolving, so it’s important to learn about the new things that come out. That way,
you’ll know how to use technology well.
Laptop: you may complete homework assignments and watch a streaming video using your laptop,
Tablet: make dinner reservations using your tablet,
Smartphone: search for directions and the local weather forecast while listening to music on your smartphone,
Desktop computer: edit a video on a desktop computer,
Digital Camera: share photos online from your digital camera with family and friends
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Technology Users
Home User Small/Home Mobile User Power User
Office User
Enterprise
User
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COMPUTER
A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its memory.
A computer is an electronic device used to process data.
Accepts Processing Produces
data data according to information
(input) specified rules (output)
BASIC OPERATIONS OF COMPUTER
Any computer can perform the four basic operations:
Input, Processing, Output, and Store (IPOS):: IPOS Cycle (Machine Cycle).
1) Accept data (input) from the user
2) Processes the data according to specified rules
3) Produce information (Output)
4) Stores the information for future use If needed.
PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Data
4. User
PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
1. Computers contain many electric, electronic, and mechanical components known as hardware.
Hardware is a physical part of a computer, the parts you can see and touch.
They are two primary types of hardware
Input Hardware
Output Hardware
PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
1. Input devices are like the ears and eyes of your computer.
An input device is any piece of hardware device that sends data to a computer, allowing you to interact
with your computer and control it.
Example: keyboard, mouse, etc.
2. Output Hardware is like the mouth and speaker of your computer.
An Output device is any piece of hardware device that receive processed data from a computer and
convert it into a user understandable form.
Example: Monitor, printer, loudspeaker, etc.
PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Electronic components in computers process data using instructions, which are the steps that tell the computer how to perform a
particular task.
Software is a logical part of a computer, the parts you can see but not touch.
Using software, you can complete a variety of activities, such as searching for information, typing a paper,
balancing a budget, creating a presentation, or playing a game.
There are two primary types of software
System Software
Application software
PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
1. System software is a type of software designed to control and manage the computer hardware and provides
platform for running application software.
2. Application software is task-specific computer programs that are designed to perform specific tasks for
users.
Application software directly addresses user needs and productivity
PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
3. Data : Any information that is provided to a computer or a software program to be processed.
PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
4. User : A user is a person who uses a computer or network service.
It is also known as computer operator
Computers
Laptop
Tablet
Desktop
Server
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Laptop
A laptop is a thin, lightweight portable computer designed for mobile use.
A laptop is also called a notebook computer.
Laptop
PROS CONS
Portable Might not be as powerful as high-end desktops
Uses less electricity than a desktop May not support as much memory and hard drive space as desktops
Contains a battery Contains fewer ports than desktops
Often more powerful than a tablet May support fewer external devices than desktops
Tablets
Tablets A tablet is a thin, lightweight mobile computer that has a touch screen.
Users who do not need the power of a laptop but require a portable computer for basic tasks may choose a
tablet.
Tablets
PROS CONS
More portable than laptops Not as powerful as desktops and laptops
Lightweight (most tablets weigh less than two pounds) Hardware cannot be upgraded
Use less electricity than a desktop Because a touch screen is the primary form of input,
it may be difficult to enter large amounts of text on a
Battery life often is superior to laptops
tablet (unless an external keyboard is connected)
All required components housed in a single unit (touch
screen, speakers, etc.)
Desktop Computer
Desktop is stationary computer designed to offer high performance in a non-portable form.
In Desktops all of its components fit on or under a desk or table.
Desktops are commonly used in offices, schools, and homes where portability is less of a concern, and
where high performance, flexibility, and upgradability are prioritized.
Desktop Computer
PROS CONS
More portable than laptops Not as powerful as desktops and laptops
Often more powerful than laptops and tablets Require several external, separate components, such
as a keyboard, mouse, speakers, etc.
Can connect to one or more large monitor(s)
High-end models can be more expensive than
Contain several different types of ports
laptops and tablets
Often support more memory and hard drive capacity than
Cannot run apps designed for mobile device
laptops and tablets
operating systems, such as Android and iOS
Relatively easy for a user to upgrade and repair
Servers Computer
A server is a specialized type of computer designed to manage, store, and provide
resources, and services to other computers (known as clients) over a network.
A network is a collection of computers and devices connected together, often
wirelessly.
A server can support from two to several thousand connected computers and
devices at the same time.
Mobile and Game Devices
A mobile device is a computing device small enough to hold in your hand
Smartphone
Digital camera
Portable media player
E-book reader
Game console
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Data and Information
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Figure 1-11
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Data and Information
A keyboard contains keys you press to enter data and instructions into a
computer or mobile device
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Data and Information
A pointing device is an input device that allows a user to control a small symbol on the screen called a pointer
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Data and Information
Voice and Video Input: Some mobile devices and computers enable you to speak data instructions using
voice input and to capture live full-motion images using video input
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Data and Information
A scanner is a light-sensing input device that converts printed text and images into a form the computer can
process.
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Figure 1-15 Discovering Computers: Chapter 1
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Data and Information
An output device is any hardware component that conveys information from a computer or mobile device to
one or more people
A printer is an output device that produces text and graphics on a physical medium such as paper
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Figure 1-16
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Data and Information
A display is an output device that visually conveys text, graphics, and video information
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Figure 1-17
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Data and Information
Speakers allow you to hear audio such as music, voice, and other sounds
Earbuds
Headphones
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Figure 1-18
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Looking Inside the Machine
A computer's hardware devices are categorized as follows:
1. Processor
2. Memory
3. Storage devices
Looking Inside the Machine
1. Processor or CPU
The processor is a brain of computer.
It manages all computer devices and performs operation on data.
The processor is also known as Central Processing Unit (CPU).
The CPU’s speed, measured in gigahertz (GHz)
1 Gigahertz (GHz) = 1,000,000,000 cycles per second.
when we say a CPU operates at, for example, 3.0 GHz, it means the CPU can perform 3 billion cycles per second.
Looking Inside the Machine
Parts of Processor.
1. Control unit:
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit
3. Registers
4. Cache
Looking Inside the Machine
Parts of Processor.
1. Control unit: manages and coordinates the activities of the CPU’s operations.
The Control unit retrieves instructions from the computer’s memory, decodes them what actions are required,
and controls the data flow between the CPU and other components.
Instruction Fetching: Retrieves instructions from memory.
Instruction Decoding: Interprets the fetched instructions.
Execution Coordination: Directs the ALU and other components to carry out instructions
Control unit retrieves instructions from the computer’s memory by using Program Counter (PC) to keep track of the
address of the next instruction.
Looking Inside the Machine
Parts of Processor.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit: Perform Arithmetic and logical operations
Arithmetic Operations: Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.
Logical Operations: Comparisons, AND, OR, NOT operations used in decision-making and data
manipulation.
Looking Inside the Machine
Parts of Processor.
3. Registers: Registers are small, high-speed memory units located inside the CPU.
They temporarily hold data, instructions, and memory addresses that the CPU is processing.
Registers include the instruction register (IR), program counter (PC), and general-purpose registers (such as the
accumulator and index registers).
Looking Inside the Machine
Parts of Processor.
4. Cache memory is a small, high-speed memory located directly on the CPU chip.
It stores frequently accessed data and instructions to reduce the time needed to access information
from the slower main memory (RAM).
L1 Cache: The smallest and fastest cache, located directly on the CPU chip.
L2 Cache: Larger and slower than L1, but still faster than main memory.
L3 Cache: Even larger and slower, shared among cores in multi-core processors.
Motherboard
Motherboard : The motherboard is a main circuit board of computer in which all computer chips are
attached.
Looking Inside the Machine
Memory : Computer memory is the storage space in the computer.
It is used to store temporary data.
This memory is called Random Access Memory (RAM).
RAM is volatile memory means it holds data for temporary time.
It is also known as primary memory
Looking Inside the Machine
Storage Devices are the physical components devices which are used to store permanent data.
These devices are also known as Secondary memory or Non-Volatile.
Hard Disk Solid-State USB Flash Memory Card
Drive Drive
Optical Disc Cloud
Storage
Memory Hierarchy
Smallest, Fastest And Expensive.
Largest, Slowest and less Expensive.
The Internet
The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that connects millions of businesses, government agencies,
educational institutions, and individuals
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Discovering Computers: Chapter 1
Figure 1-25
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The Internet
The World Wide Web (or web, for short) is a global library of information available to
anyone connected to the Internet
The web consists of a worldwide collection of electronic documents, each of which is
called a webpage
A website is a collection of related webpages
A web server is a computer that delivers requested webpages to your computer
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The Internet
A browser is software that enables users with an Internet connection to access and view webpages on a
computer or mobile device
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The Internet
A search engine is a type of software designed to help you find specific information online
A search engine is software that finds websites, webpages, images, videos, news, maps, and other
information related to a specific topic
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The Internet
An online social network encourages members to share their interests, ideas,
stories, photos, music, and videos with other registered users
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Figure 1-27
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Digital Safety and Security
It is important that users protect their computers and mobile devices
Viruses and
Other Privacy
Malware
Health Environmenta
Concerns l Issues
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Digital Safety and Security
Green computing involves reducing the electricity consumed and environmental waste generated when using
a computer
Strategies include:
Recycling
Using energy efficient hardware and energy saving features
Regulating manufacturing processes
Extending the life of computers
Immediately donating or properly disposing of replaced computers
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Communications and Networks
In the course of a day, it is likely you use, or use information generated by, one or more
of these communications technologies
Chat rooms Email Fax FTP GPS
Instant Video
Internet Newsgroups RSS
messaging conference
Wireless Wireless
Voice mail VoIP Internet messaging
access points services
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Communications and Networks
Examples of wireless communications technologies include:
Wi-Fi
Bluetooth
Cellular
radio
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Uses of Technology in Society
Education Government Finance Retail
Entertainmen
Health Care Travel Science
t
Manufacturin
Publishing
g
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Technology Users
Home User Small/Home Mobile User Power User
Office User
Enterprise
User
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Chapter Summary
Various methods
Basic computer for input,
The Internet
concepts output, memory,
and storage
Uses of
Digital security
technology
and safety risks
applications in
and precautions
society
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