PRACTICAL

RESEARCH 1
TEACHER: DIANA MARIE D. TOMORIC
LESSON 1
NATURE OF
RESEARCH
DEFINITION OF RESEARCH
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH PARADIGM
ROLES OF RESEARCHER
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
GOALS FOR CONDUCTING RESEARCH
MOTIVATION
1.What would you do if you
have a problem?
2.How do you find the solution?
3.How do you know if your
solution is effective?
4.If the solution you applied
does not work and from the
process of it all, do you think
you gain nothing or not?
What is
Research?
DEFINITION OF RESEARCH
✔Research follows a step-by-
step process of investigation
that uses a standardized
approach in answering
questions or solving problems
(Beck & Polit, 2004)
 DEFINITION OF RESEARCH
✔ Research play an important role in
tertiary education. Though there are
many problems confronted by higher
education, developments are
realized through research. After all,
its main purpose is to answer a
question or to solve an issue
(Palispis, 2004)
 DEFINITION OF RESEARCH
✔Research is a continuous
undertaking of making known
the unknown (Sanchez, 2002). It
entails an investigation of new
facts leading to the discovery of
new ideas, methods, or
improvements. It is an attempt
to widen one’s outlook in life.
 DEFINITION OF RESEARCH
✔Research is an
investigation
following ordered
steps leading to a
discovery of new
information or
concepts. (Sanchez,
 DEFINITION OF RESEARCH
✔ Research is a very
careful investigation of
something that supports
the contribution of
additional or knew
knowledge and wisdom.
(Bassey, as cited in
Coleman & Briggs, 2002)
 DEFINITION OF RESEARCH
✔Research is a tested approach of
thinking and employing validated
instruments and steps in order to
obtain a more adequate solution
to a problem that is otherwise
impossible to address under
ordinary means (Crawford, as
cited in Alcantara & Espina, 1995)
What is
Research?
Do you like
doing
research? Why
or why not?
Benefits of
Conducting
Research
 1. To gather necessary
information
•It provides you with all the
necessary information in the
field of your work or study and
gives a basic idea about the
things needed
 2. To make changes
•It helps you find the root cause
and associated elements of a
process. The end result is such a
research that invokes a demand
for change and sometime is
successful in such changes.
 3. To improve the
standard in living.
• only through research can
new inventions come into life.
 4. For a safer life.
• discoveries and development
resulting from research have
improved life expectancy and
health condition of humankind.
 5. To know the truth.
• It has been proven time and again,
that many established facts have
known truth are mere lies and
rumors.
 6. To explore our
history
• research about human history has
enabled us to learn and
understand more about our
forefathers and helped us learners
from their mistakes and follow
good things from their life.
 7. To understand arts
• research also helps in the
understanding and appreciation of
the works of artist in literature,
painting and other fine arts.
Research teaches you to relate
with other branches or field of
study.
Importanc
e
of
Research
✔ Research provides a scientific basis for any practice or
methodology in any field or discipline.
✔Research is undertaken for the continuous development and
further productivity in any field.
✔Research helps develop tools for assessing effectiveness of any
practice and operation
✔Research provides solutions to problems concerning almost all
issues encountered in the different areas of work.
✔Research impacts decision-making
✔Research develops and evaluates alternative approaches to the
educational aspects of any discipline.
✔Research aims to advance the personal and professional
qualifications of a practitioner.
 ROLES OF
THE
RESEARCHER
According to Nieswiadomy
(2005), the researcher
serves different roles in a
study. As the researcher
takes on a particular role,
certain adjustments are
made to ensure that results
will not be adversely
affected.
The researcher must ensure
that all results remain free
from bias and error.
1. As a principal investigator.
2. As member of a research
team.
3. As identifier of researchable
problems
4. As evaluator of research
findings
5. As user of research findings
6. As patient or client advocate
during study
7. As
subject/respondent/participan
t.
CHARACTERISTICS
OF A RESEARCH
 EMPIRICAL
Research is based on observations and
experimentation of theories. It takes
into account the direct experiences that
fuse the researcher’s speculation with
reality. Most researches are based on
real-life situations.
 SYSTEMATIC

Research follows orderly and sequential

procedures, based on valid procedures
and principles. Researchers are advised
to refer to the research guidelines
provided or presented by the school.
 CONTROLLED

In research, all variables, except

those that are
tested/experimented on, are kept
constant.
EMPLOY HYPOTHESIS

The hypothesis guides the

investigation process. Research
refers to a search of facts, answers
to questions and solutions to
problems.
 ANALYTICAL

There is critical analysis of all

data used so that there is no
error in the researcher’s
interpretation.
 OBJECTIVE
The term also refers to the
research as unbiased and logical.
All findings are logically based on
empirical data, which as earlier
mentioned are based on real-life
situations.
 ORIGINAL WORK
Requires effort to get all the
researcher’s own investigation
and produce the data needed to
complete the study. Go to the
library to check on the originality
of your work.
Research
Paradigm
 Research Paradigm
✔ is an outline that guides the
researcher in conceptualizing and
conducting the research. An
effective research must address
these two important aspects:
research foundations and
research methodology.
 Research Paradigm
✔ Research foundation –
refers to the fundamental
components of research such
as the research problem,
purpose, specific questions to
be address, and the theoretical
and conceptual frameworks to
be applied.
 Research Paradigm
✔ Research topic/problem –
must look at a significant real-life
problem. Formulating research
problem requires describing the
undesirable situations related to
the problem and the needed
knowledge or information in order
to solve the problem.
 Research Paradigm
✔ Purpose of the research –
describes how the study will fill
this “knowledge gap”. To address
this purpose, the researcher must
formulate necessary questions
that will help distinguish the
significant points of the research.
 Research Paradigm
✔ Research questions – may be
either framed in a quantitative (how
much, how often, to what extent) or
qualitative (what, why, how) manner
✔Hypotheses – the possible answer
to the research questions
 Research Paradigm

✔ Theoretical and
conceptual
frameworks – provide
bases and contexts for
the study.
 Research Paradigm
✔ Research Methodology – describes how
the researcher will answer the research
questions in a credible manner. Research
methods are employed to address the
research purpose and gain new information
and insights to answer to problem.
✔Review of the literature, research
design, data collection, methods of
analysis and conclusion.
 Research Paradigm

✔Review of literature-
analyzes the existing
knowledge regarding the
research topic. It identifies gaps
in the information that may be
addressed by the research.
 Research Paradigm

✔ Research approach/design
– identifies what is the best
means to collect and analyze
data in the study.
 Research Paradigm

✔ Data Collection – give the

methods to determine who will
be the participants in the study,
how the variables will be
measured, and how data will be
documented and collected.
 Research Paradigm

✔ Data Analysis – which

consists of the strategies and
methods that make sense of the
data to answer the research
problem and questions.
 Research Paradigm

✔Conclusion – summarizes the key

results of the study and discusses
how these are relevant to the
research problem. At this point, the
research addresses the hypotheses
and determines if they are
accepted or rejected.
Types of
Research
1. Library
Research/Descriptive
Research
✔This type is done primarily in the
library where answers to specific
questions or problems are available.
2. Field Research/ Applied
Research

✔ The research is done in the

natural setting as barangay,
schools or factory.
3. Laboratory
Research/Experimental
Research
✔ This type is conducted in an
artificial or controlled conditions
doing the study in a thoroughly
specified and equipped area.
Types of
Research
Design
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN
•Deals with designs, techniques
and measures that do not
produce discrete numerical
data. It involves extensive
narrative data in order to gain
insights into phenomena.
 QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN
•Includes design, techniques and
measures that produce
numerical or quantitative data
and the analysis of which, is
mainly statistical.
 Difference of
Quantitative and
Qualitative research
(Prieto et.al 2017)
Kinds of
Quantitative
Research
 1. DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
✔Answers to the questions of who, what, when, and how.
✔Does not answer the question why because it does not seek to
explain why certain things happen.
✔The collection of data involves either test a hypothesis or describe
the variables mentioned.
✔Data are collected through surveys, interviews, or observations.
✔e.g. Describing the process of photosynthesis, observe the
occurrence, write the observations, and integrate the data for
description.
 2.Correlational
Research
✔ based on pairs of measures of scores for
members of a single sample and provide an
indication of the strength of the relationship
between two variables that embody
characteristics of or performances by that
group.
✔The correlation between two variables can be
used to predict their values
✔ e.g. the relationship between high grades and
 3.Casual-Comparative
Research
✔sometimes considered as a kind of descriptive
research because it describes existing
conditions.
✔Attempts to establish cause-effect relationship
of the variables.
✔ e.g. low percentage of jobless people reduces
poverty rate of the country. Another is the
effect of exercising regularly to body fitness.
4. Experimental
Research
✔ measures the effect of independent variable
to the dependent variable
✔Researchers control the situation to answer the
questions
✔ e.g. The effect of positive reinforcement on
one’s attitude to excel in school.
5. Survey Research
✔ intended to acquire information from
people concerning predominance,
distribution, and interrelations of
variables within identified group
✔ e.g. The rate of malnutrition in
Ormoc City
Kinds of
Qualitative
Research
1. Phenomenological
✔ examines human experiences through the
descriptions provided by the people involved,
called lived experiences of the respondent’s
beliefs or feelings.
✔ goal of phenomenological studies is to
describe the meaning that experiences hold for
each subject.
✔ e.g. lived experiences of mothers of suicidal
adolescents.
2. Ethnographic
✔ involves the observation, collection,
documentation, and analysis of data about
cultural groups.
✔Data are generally collected through
participant observation and interviews.
✔ e.g. Examination of features, critical
attributes, processes, and benefits of school-
based support groups for adolescents with an
addicted parent.
3. Grounded Theory
✔ are studies in which data are collected and
analyzed and then a theory is developed that is
grounded in the data.
✔Uses both and inductive and deductive
approach to theory development.
✔ e.g. the personal control and emotional
comfort of hospitalized patients.
4. Historic
✔ concerns the identification, location,
evaluation, and synthesis of data from the past
✔ seeks not only to discover the events of the
past but to relate these past happenings to the
present and to the future.
✔Data for historical research should be
subjected to two types of evaluation, external
criticism and internal criticism.
4. Historic
✔ external criticism is concerned with the
authenticity or genuiness of the data and
should be considered first.
✔Internal criticism examines the accuracy of the
data and is considered to be genuine.
✔ external criticism establishes the validity of
the data, internal criticism establish the
reliability of the data.
5. Case Study
✔ in-depth examination of people or groups of
people.
✔ case- study may be considered as quantitative
or qualitative research depending on the
purpose of the study, and the design chosen by
the researcher.
✔Content analysis is used in evaluating the data
from case studies.
✔Content analysis involves the examination of
communication messages.
6. Action Research
✔ seeks action to improve practice and
study the effects of the action that was
taken.
✔The implementation of solutions occurs as
an actual part of the research process
✔Participatory action research (PAR),is a
special kind of community-based action
research, study participants and the
research must collaborate in all steps of