Organizational
Behavior
Course Title : Organizational Behavior
Code : BADS08
College : Faculty of Administrative Sciences
Program : BBA
Instructor : Dr. Mohammed A. Shujaa
ORGANIZATIONAL Udeen
BEHAVIOR,
Main Reference :
Emerging Realities for the
Workplace Revolution, (3rd
Edition), Steven L. Mcshane &
Mary Glinow, (2005), The
McGraw. Hill Companies.
Organizational
Behavior
Session 3: Perception
Organizational
Behavior
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Discuss the Perceptual Process Model.
2. Explain the impact of the Social Identity
Theory and Stereotyping on our behaviors.
3. Define the Attribution Process.
4. Evaluate the importance of Diversity
Initiatives in organizations.
Organizational
Behavior
Session Contents:
1.Perceptual Process Model
2.Social Identity Theory
3.Attribution Process
4.Diversity in Organizations
Organizational
Behavior
Introduction: Dr. Wen Ho Lee
The arrest of nuclear scientist Dr.
Wen Ho Lee for allegedly stealing
secrets at Los Alamos National
Lab opened a long-simmering
issue regarding bias against
© AFP/Corbis
Asian-Americans.
Organizational
Behavior
Perceptual Process Model
Environmental Stimuli
Feeling Hearing Seeing Smelling Tasting
Selective Attention
Organization and
Interpretation
Emotions and
Behavior
Organizational
Behavior
Selective Attention
• Characteristics of the object
• size, intensity, motion, repetition,
novelty
• Perceptual context: Time, Place,
Occasion
• Characteristics of the perceiver
• Values and attitudes
• perceptual defense
• expectations -- condition us to
expect events
Organizational
Behavior
Splatter Vision Perception
Secret Service agents practice
“splatter vision” so that their selective
attention process takes in as much
information as possible to protect
presidents and other dignitaries. This
reduces the chance of screening out
potentially important information that
might identify security risks.
Organizational
Behavior
Social Identity Theory
ACME
Widget Employees at
Employee other firms
Live in the An Individual’s People living
United StatesSocial Identity in other countries
Graduates from
U. of Vermont other schools
Graduate
Organizational
Behavior
Social Identity Theory Features
• Comparative process
• Compare characteristics of our
groups with other groups.
• Homogenization process
• Perceive that everyone in a group
has similar characteristics.
• Contrasting process
• Form less favorable images of people
in groups other than our own.
Organizational
Behavior
The Stereotyping Process
Develop categories Professors are
and assign traits absent-minded
Assign person to category Our instructor
based on observable info is a professor
Assign category’s traits Our instructor is
to the person absent-minded
Organizational
Behavior
How Accurate are Stereotypes?
• Some accuracy, but also distortion and
error
• Traits don’t describe everyone in the
group
• We screen out inconsistent
information
• Stereotypes are less accurate when:
• Little interaction with people in that
group
• Experience conflict with members of
that group
Organizational
Behavior
Attribution Process
• Internal Attribution
• Perception that outcomes are
due to motivation/ability rather
than situation or fate
• External Attribution
• Perception that outcomes are
due to situation or fate rather
than the person
Organizational
Behavior
Rules of Attribution
Internal Attribution
Frequently
Frequently Seldom
Distinctive
Consistent from other Consensus
(Other people
with past situations
are similar)
Seldom Seldom Frequently
External Attribution
Organizational
Behavior
Attribution Errors
• Fundamental Attribution Error
• Attributing behavior of other
people to internal factors (their
motivation/ability)
• Self-Serving Bias
• Attributing our successes to
internal factors and our failures to
external factors
Organizational
Behavior
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Cycle
Supervisor
forms
expectations
Employee’s Expectations
behavior matches affect supervisor’s
expectations behavior
Supervisor’s
behavior affects
employee
Organizational
Behavior
Dealing with Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
• Awareness training
• Leaders learn effects of negative
perceptions
• Problem is that awareness doesn’t
prevent self-fulfilling prophecy
• Emerging three-prong strategy
• Support a learning orientation
• Engage in contingency leadership
styles
• Increase employee self-efficacy
Organizational
Behavior
Other Perceptual Errors
• Primacy
• First impressions
• Recency
• Most recent information dominates
perceptions
• Halo
• One trait forms a general impression
• Projection
• Believing other people are similar to
you
Organizational
Behavior
Diversity Initiatives in the NHL
To minimize racial slurs and other
perceptual problems, the NHL
requires every player to attend
diversity awareness sessions. In
these sessions, players learn to
appreciate ethnic differences and
the problems with prejudicial
outbursts.
Organizational
Behavior
Types of Diversity Initiatives
• Recruit people with diverse
backgrounds
• Provide reasonable
accommodation
• Diversity awareness activities
• Appreciate differences
© Reuters/Andy Clark/TimePix
• Sensitize people to
stereotypes/prejudice
• Dispel myths
Organizational
Behavior
Personality Defined
Relatively stable pattern of
behaviors and consistent internal
states that explain a person's
behavioral tendencies
Organizational
Behavior
Big Five Personality Dimensions
Conscientiousness Caring, dependable
Emotional Stability Poised, secure
Openness to Experience Sensitive, flexible
Agreeableness Courteous, empathic
Extroversion Outgoing, talkative
Organizational
Behavior
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
• Extroversion versus
introversion
• Sensing versus intuition
• Thinking versus feeling
• Judging versus perceiving
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Behavior
Locus of Control and Self-Monitoring
• Locus of control
• Internals believe in their effort
and ability
• Externals believe events are
mainly due to external causes
• Self-monitoring personality
• Sensitivity to situational cues,
and ability to adapt your
behavior to that situation
Organizational
Behavior
Conclusion: Dear students, throughout this
session we learnt the following:
1. Discussing the Perceptual Process Model
and its components.
2. Defining the impact of the Social Identity
Theory , Stereotyping, and Attribution
on behaviors.
3. Evaluating diversity and its importance
for firms.
4. Discussing feedback and its importance
Organizational
Behavior
Attachment:
• Assignment number (3) is attached with
this session. Students are supposed to
answer the questions in this assignment
according to the time, duration and
deadline set.
Organizational
Behavior
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
