Machine tool

 Definition:
Machine tool is power driven tool not easily portable by hand, used
to shape of form metal by cutting, impact pressure, electrical
technique or a combination of this process. Thus machine tool is a
powerful device for human strength and skill.

 Basic arts of machining metal:

a. Drilling
b. Turning and boring
c. Milling
d. Grinding
e. Shaping , planning and slotting
Key difference between engines and
machines: Machines consume energy produced by the engines.
Engine lathe
Definitions:
Lathe is a machine, which
removes the metal from a piece of
work to the required shape and
size.
or
The engine lathe is a power driven
machine tool which is used to turn
and cut metal.
or
It is a power driven, general
purpose machine tool used for
producing cylindrical work-pieces.
Working principals of Lathe machine
➢A lathe operates on the principle of a rotating workpiece
and a fixed cutting tool.
➢ Lathe is to remove excess material in the form of chips
by rotating the work piece against a stationary cutting
tool
➢ The cutting tool is feed into the workpiece, which
rotates about its own axis causing the workpiece to be
formed to the desired shape.
Working principle of lathe

If the tool moves parallel If the tool moves inclined

to work piece cylindrical to the axis it produces a
surface is formed taper surface and is called
taper turning.
Lathe machine with different parts
Main parts of a lathe machine
a. Bed
b. Head stock assembly
c. Tail stock assembly
d. Carriage
e. Feed and thread cutting
mechanism
 Bed
o Bed is the base or foundation of
lathe machine.

o Its function is to provide main

frame for the support of the work-
piece and tool during machining.

o It is a heavy rigid casting and made

of one piece in one lathe.

o It is the backbone of a lathe

machine and supports all other
parts which are mounted on it.

o Bed is made of harden steel.

 Headstock assembly
o It is permanently fastened to the
left end of the lathe.

o Head stock provides the driving

power to control the rotation of the
part (workpiece) being machined.

o It contains headstock spindle to

which the various work-holding
attachments are fitted. The spindle
is rotated through gear and pulley
by electric motor.

o The headstock center is known as

live center because it turns with
work piece.
 Tail stock assembly :
o Tail stock can move along the bed
ways and clamped in position.

o The function of the tailstock is to

support long work-pieces during
machining, and to hold some tools.

o The tailstock center is known as

dead center because it does not
rotates with work piece.

o The dead center can move in and

out by hand wheel.
 Carriage

o Carriage control and supports the

cutting tool.

o Controls and supports the cutting

tool, and composed of a number of
parts

o Power is transmitted to the carriage

through the feed mechanism. This
regulates the amount of tool travel
per revolution of the spindle
(Feed).
Carriage Parts
• Saddle
It is an H shaped casting that fits over the bed and slides along the
ways .
• Apron :
Apron is fastened to the saddle and contain gears , clutches and lever .
• Cross slide:
It is mounted on the saddle . The cross slide handle is turned to move to
slide transversely.
• Compound rest
It is mounted on top of the cross slide .It can be turned in a 360 circle
and clamped in any position
• Tool post
The tool post clamps and holds the tool holder securely in any position.
• Feed and thread cutting mechanism : The feed and thread cutting
mechanism consist of a quick change gear box ,a lead screw , a feed
rod and gears and clutches in the apron .
 Lead Screw
Lead screw transmits power to
the carriage through a gearing
and clutch arrangement in the
carriage apron.

The power feed lever is

located on the carriage apron.
The power feed lever activates
either the longitudinal power
feed of the carriage or the
cross feed of the cross slide.
Split-nut (Half nut) lever
Half-nut lever is placed on the
apron and engaged for thread
cutting.

Thread cutting is the process

of cutting screws and helical
shapes

The power feed lever must be

in neutral feed lever must be in
neutral position when the half-
nut is needed to be engaged.
 Work holding devices:
 Chuck
i. Three jaw universal chuck
ii. Four jaw independent chuck
iii. Collet chuck
 Face plate
 Follower rest
 Steady rest

Lathe dog:
Lathe dogs are clamped on work pieces to drive them when turning
between centers there are three common types
 Bent tail standard type
 Bent tail standard type
 Clamp type
Specifications of
Lathe
1) a) Height of centers 4) a)Metric thread piches
b)type of bed(straight , semi gap, or b)lead screw pitch
gap) c)longitudinal feeds
c) center distance d)cross feeds

2. a)swing over bed 5) a) cross slide travel

b)swing over cross slide b)top slide travel
c) swing in gap c) tool section
d) gap in front of face place 6) a)tailstock sleeve travel
b)taper in sleeve bore
3. a) spindle speeds range
b) spindle nose 7) Motor horsepower and RPM
c) spindle bore
d) taper nose 8) shipping dimensions ---
length*width*height*weight
  Consideration when a work piece into a machine
successfully :
a) The right kind of cutting tool.
b) The right type of tool holder .
c) A tool with sharp cutting edge.
d) T he cutting tool set or adjusted to the correct height and
position.
 Cutting tool materials
a) Carbon tool steel
b) Fast finishing steel
c) High speed steel
d) Cast non-ferrous material
e) Cemented carbide
f) Diamond
Factors or conditions at which cutting tool materials depend on :
 Tool cost
 Re-sharpening cost
 Size and design of the tool.
 Metal removal rate
 Length of run
 Finish and tolerance of cut
 Condition and capability of machine tool :

Factors determining the cutting speed:

 The kind of the material in the cutter bit
 The kind of the material being machined
 The condition of lathe
 The amount of feed
 The depth of cut
 The kind of machining
 Size and shape of work piece
 Use of cutting fluid
 Shape of cutter bit
Feed:
Feed is the distance of the point of the tool moves longitudinally
along the bed with each revolution of the lathe.
It depends upon:
Kind of material, Cutting speed, Depth of cut, Condition of job
Depth of cut:
Depth of cut is the distance from the bottom of the cut to the uncut
surface of work piece measured at right angles to the machined
surface.
Cutting speed:
Cutting speed is defined as the distance in feet a work piece moves
from cutting point in one minute.
 Machining (Turning) Calculations
Spindle Speed – (rpm)
v = cutting speed, Do = outer diameter

Feed Rate – fr = N f (mm/min –or- in/min)

f = feed per rev

Depth of Cut – (mm/rev – or – in/rev)

Do = outer diameter, Df = final diameter
Machining Time – Tm (min)

Mat’l Removal Rate -

(mm3/min –or- in3/min)
D: Depth of cut, mm.
F: Feed rate, mm/rev.
S: Cutting speed, mm/min
Classification of Lathe Machine
 Engine lathe
 Turret lathe
 Automatic lathe
 Bench lathe
 Tool room lathe
 Speed lathe
 Special purpose lathe

Power Transmission Diagram

Spindle
Motor Pulley Piv Drive Pulley
Headstock

Quick
Tool Carriage Lead
change
screw
gear box

Work Lathe
piece chuck
LATHE OPERATIONS
Facing, straight turning, Taper turning, parting, necking, knurling ,
thread cutting , forming ,drilling, boring etc.