TELECOMMUNI

CHAPTE CATIONS, THE ISOM 130

R 7. INTERNET, AND Fall 2021
WIRELESS
TECHNOLOGY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• What are the principal components of
telecommunications networks and key networking
technologies?
• What are the different types of networks?
• How do the Internet and Internet technology work?
• How do they support communication and
e-business?
• What are the principal technologies and standards
for wireless networking, communication, and
Internet access?
A TYPICAL DATA
NETWORK

ISP network

Optical fiber

Campus network

Home
network
Web server
NETWORKING AND
COMMUNICATION TRENDS
• Convergence
 Telephone networks and computer networks
converging into single digital network using
Internet standards.
 Cable companies providing voice service.
• Broadband
 High speed internet connection.
• Broadband wireless
 Example: 4G and 5G networks.
WHAT IS A COMPUTER
NETWORK?
• Computer network: two or
more computers that are
connected to communicate data
electronically.
MAJOR COMPONENTS IN
SIMPLE NETWORK
• Computers
 Clients, servers
• Network interfaces
• Connection
medium
 Wired, wireless
• Network devices
 Hub, switch, router
• Network operating
system
NETWORKS IN LARGE
COMPANIES
• Local area networks (LAN)
• Various powerful servers
 Website, email server, database
server
• Security devices
 Firewalls
• Mobile wireless LANs (Wi-Fi
networks)
• Videoconferencing system
• Telephone network
KEY DIGITAL
NETWORKING CONCEPTS
• Client/server computing
• Packet switching
• TCP/IP and connectivity
CLIENT/SERVER
COMPUTING
• Distributed computing model.
• Clients linked through network
controlled by network server
computer.
• Server sets rules of communication
for network and provides every
client with an address so others can
find it on the network.
• Has largely replaced centralized
mainframe computing.
PACKET SWITCHING
• Method of slicing digital messages into
parcels (packets), sending packets along
different communication paths as they
become available, and then reassembling
packets at destination.
• Previous “circuit-switched” networks required
assembly of complete point-to-point circuit.
• Packet switching more efficient use of
network’s communications capacity.
PACKET SWITCHING

11
PACKET SWITCHING

12
TCP/IP AND
CONNECTIVITY
• Connectivity between computers
enabled by protocols.
• Protocols: rules that govern
transmission of information
between two points.
• Transmission Control Protocol
/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
 Common worldwide standard that is
basis for Internet
TCP/IP AND
CONNECTIVITY
• Department of Defense
reference model for TCP/IP
• The model divides network
functions into four layers:
 Application layer
 Transport layer
 Internet layer
 Network interface layer
TYPES OF NETWORKS
• Local-area networks (LANs)
 Ethernet (wired), Wi-Fi (wireless)
• Campus-area networks (CANs)
• Wide-area networks (WANs)
• Metropolitan-area networks (MANs)
DIGITAL AND ANALOG
SIGNALS
• Digital vs. analog signals
• A modem is a device that
translates digital signals into
analog form (and vice versa) so
that computers can transmit
data over analog networks
such as telephone and cable
networks.
DIGITAL AND ANALOG
SIGNALS
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
• Physical transmission media
 Twisted pair wire
 Coaxial cable
 Fiber optics cable
• Wireless transmission media
 Satellites
 Cellular systems (4G, 5G)
 Wi-Fi
 Bluetooth
TRANSMISSION SPEEDS
• Bits per second (bps)
 Rate of information
transmitted.
• Hertz
 Number of cycles per second.
• Bandwidth
 Difference between the
highest and lowest
frequencies that can be
accommodated on a single
channel.
THE INTERNET
• The Internet is the world’s most extensive
network
• Internet service providers (ISPs) provide
connections:
 Dial-up connections
 Digital subscriber line (DSL)
 Fiber connections
 Mobile/cellular networks (4G, 5G)
 Cable connections
INTERNET ADDRESSING AND
ARCHITECTURE
• Each device on the Internet is assigned an
IP (Internet Protocol) address
 32-bit number, displayed in four parts.
 For example, 207.46.250.119
• Domain Name System (DNS)
 Converts IP addresses to domain names
 Hierarchical structure
THE DOMAIN NAME
SYSTEM (DNS)
• The Domain Name
System is a
hierarchical system
with a root domain,
top-level domains,
second-level
domains, and host
computers at the
third level.
INTERNET ARCHITECTURE
AND GOVERNANCE
• Network service providers.
 Own trunk lines (high-speed backbone networks).
• Regional telephone and cable TV companies.
 Provide regional and local access.
• Professional organizations and government bodies
establish Internet standards.
 Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
 The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN)
 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
INTERNET ARCHITECTURE
• The Internet backbone
connects to regional networks,
which in turn provide access to
Internet service providers,
large firms, and government
institutions.
• Network access points (NAPs)
and metropolitan area
exchanges (MAEs) are hubs
where the backbone intersects
regional and local networks
and where backbone owners
connect with one another.
INTERNET SERVICES
• World Wide Web (WWW)
• E-mail
• Instant messaging
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Telnet
• Voice over IP (VoIP)
• Unified communications
 Communications systems that integrate voice, data,
e-mail, conferencing.
CLIENT/SERVER COMPUTING
ON THE INTERNET
HOW VOICE OVER IP
WORKS
VIRTUAL PRIVATE
NETWORK (VPN)
• A secured, encrypted connection over the
Internet.
• In a process called tunneling, packets of
data are encrypted and wrapped inside IP
packets.
THE WEB
• HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
 Formats documents for display on Web
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
 Communications standard used for transferring web
pages.
• Uniform resource locators (URLs)
 Addresses of web pages
 E.g., https://portal.ku.edu.kw/student.html
• Web servers
 Software for locating and managing Web pages.
SEARCHING FOR
INFORMATION ON THE WEB
• Search engines
 Early1990s engines used
keyword indexes.
 Google invented a new page
ranking algorithm
(PageRank).
SEARCHING FOR
INFORMATION ON THE WEB
• Semantic search
 Understands human language
and behavior to deliver relevant
results.
• Predictive search
 Guesses what you’re looking for
SEARCHING FOR
INFORMATION ON THE WEB
• Search engine marketing
 Advertising on search results page.
• Search engine optimization (SEO)
 Process of improving rankings in search
engine results with search engine
optimization.
• Visual search
• Intelligent agent shopping bots
 Software that searches for shopping
information.
MOST POPULAR SEARCH
ENGINES WORLDWIDE
HOW GOOGLE WORKS
WEB 2.0
• Second-generation of the Web.
• Enabling users to post contents & share information
online.
• Blogs
 Chronological, informal Web sites created by individuals.
• Wikis
 Collaborative websites where visitors can add, delete, or
modify content on the site.
• Social networking sites
 Enable users to build communities of friends and share
information.
WEB 3.0 AND THE
FUTURE WEB
• Developing techniques to make web search
more productive and meaningful
• “Semantic Web”
 To add layer of meaning to the existing Web.
 Ways to make the Web more “intelligent” and
intuitive.
• “Internet of Things”
 More widespread use of cloud computing, mobile
computing
THE WIRELESS
REVOLUTION
• Cellular networks
• Bluetooth
• Wi-Fi
• Radio frequency identification (RFID)
• Wireless sensor networks (WSN)
CELLULAR NETWORKS
• Third-generation (3G)
• Fourth-generation (4G)
 LTE
 Up to 100 Mbps
• Fifth-generation (5G)
 Current generation
 Speed can reach hundreds of Mbps
WIRELESS COMPUTER
NETWORKS
• Bluetooth (802.15)
 Links up to 8 devices in 10-meter area using
low-power, radio-based communication.
 Useful for personal area networks (PANs)
• Wi-Fi (802.11)
 Used for wireless LAN.
 Use access points: device with radio
receiver-transmitter for connecting wireless
devices to a wired LAN.
A BLUETOOTH NETWORK
(PAN)
A WI-FI WIRELESS LAN
RADIO FREQUENCY
IDENTIFICATION (RFID)
• Use tiny tags with microchips containing
data about an item and location.
• Tag antennas to transmit radio signals
over short distances to special RFID
readers.
• Common uses:
 Employee cards
 Bank cards
 Automated toll-collection
 Tracking goods in a supply chain
HOW RFID WORKS
WIRELESS SENSOR
NETWORKS (WSN)
• Networks of hundreds or thousands of interconnected
wireless devices embedded into physical environment to
provide measurements of many points over large spaces.
• Used to monitor building security, detect hazardous
substances in air, monitor environmental changes, traffic, or
military activity.
• Devices have built-in processing, storage, and radio
frequency sensors and antennas.
• Require low-power, long-lasting batteries and ability to
endure in the field without maintenance.
• Major sources of “Big Data” and fueling “Internet of Things”.
A WIRELESS SENSOR
NETWORK
CHAPTER SUMMARY
• Major components of computer networks
• Key networking concepts
 Client/server computing
 Packet switching
 TCP/IP and connectivity
• Digital and analog signals
• The Internet architecture
• Searching for information
• Web 2.0 and Web 3.0
• The wireless revolution
TAKEAWAYS FROM THIS
COURSE
• The six business drivers of information
systems.
• Different types of information systems serve
different functions and management levels.
• Enterprise applications can integrate the
whole organization.
• An information system is not just technology!
 IS = technology + people + organizations.