CML6045 WATER RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT

Dredging, Canalling and

Flood Control
 Dredging
 Dredging is the process of removing material from the
bed or the banks of a waterway for the purpose of
deepening or widening navigation channels or to obtain
fill material for land development.

 Dredging is a very costly operation and involves many

uncertainties that affect project cost, including a realistic
estimate of the total quantity of material to be dredged
and the characteristics of the material as they relate to
the dredge production rate (the rate at which solids are
dislodged at the dredging site and transported to the
discharge point).

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Design
Many factors must be considered in developing a dredging operation
including:

1.Determine the quantity of material to be dredged and frequency and

quantity of future maintenance dredging.
2.Sampling to determine the physical and chemical properties of
material to be dredged to ensure appropriate type of dredge, to assess
dredge production rate and identify pollutants.
3.Selecting appropriate dredge type, size, disposal method, and
disposal area to ensure environmental protection.
4.Identifying adequate disposal areas for both initial and future
maintenance dredging.
5.Long-term management of disposal sites to maximize storage
volume and beneficial use after the sites are filled.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Modern Dredge Plant

Almost all-modern dredging equipment can be classified as

either mechanical or hydraulic (or combination of the two):
Mechanical dredges lift the dredge material by means of
diggers or buckets of various designs, and
Hydraulic (suction) dredges pick up the dredged material
by means of suction pipes and pumps.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Types of Dredges

Dredge type

Mechanical Hydraulic

Hopper Pipeline Side-casting

Dipper Bucket Ladder

Dragline Clamshell Orange Peel Plain Suction

Cutterhead Dustpan

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Mechanical Dredges
 Mechanical dredges remove loose soft or hard materials
by a dipper or bucket of some type and usually operate
with disposal barges that are filled with the excavated
material and then moved to the disposal site for
unloading.
 Dipper dredges are essentially barge-mounted power
shovels with considerable digging power. Bucket
capacity is normally about 8 to 12 cu yd, and operating
depth is up to 50 ft.
 Bucket dredges use various types of interchangeable
buckets (clamshell, orange peel, dragline) for different
operational purposes. Bucket capacity ranges from 1 to
12 cu yd, and operating depth is limited to about 100 ft.
Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin
Mechanical Dredges

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Hydraulic Suction Dredges
 Hopper dredges are deep-draft seagoing vessels used
primarily for maintenance dredging in exposed harbors and
shipping channels where traffic conditions preclude use of
stationary pipeline dredges. They are not used in shallow-
draft waterways.
 Sidecasting dredges are self-propelled shallow-draft
seagoing vessels especially designed to remove material
from bar channels at small coastal harbors that are too
shallow for hopper dredges and too rough for pipeline
dredges to operate.
 Hydraulic pipeline dredges draw slurry of bottom material
and water through a suction line and pump the soil-water
mixture through a floating discharge line to the disposal site.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Hopper Dredges

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Sitecasting Dredges

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Cutterhead Dredges
 The cutterhead dredge has a rotating cutter around the
intake end of the suction pipe and can dig and pump all
types of alluvial materials and compacted deposits such
as clay and hardpan. Suction pipe diameter ranges from
8 and 30 in.
 The cutterhead dredge consists generally of a cutter,
ladder, suction pipe, A-frame, H-frame, pumps, spud
frame and spuds, and auxiliary pipe, lubrication lines,
and usually and cutter motor.
 The cutterhead is rotated by a cutter motor and agitates
soft or loose material or cuts hard material so that it can
be picked up by the suction pipe.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Hydraulic Pipeline Dredges

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Cutterhead Dredges
 The dredge is held in position or moved ahead with spuds which are
usually round and made of cast steel or built-up plate, located at the
stern and lowered to anchor the dredge.
 The dredge operates by swinging about one spud with the head
describing an arc. As the swing is completed, the second spud is
lowered and the other spud raised to make a swing in the opposite
direction, and the dredge advances forward.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Cutterhead Dredges

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Cutterhead Dredges

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Cutterhead Dredges

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin
 Dustpan Dredges
 Dustpan dredges are self-propelled vessels suitable for working
only in noncohesive material in rivers or sheltered waters with no
significant wave action.
 A dustpan dredger has a wide, flared, flat mouth up to 30ft across
on a rigid ladder, and the dredge head is equipped with pressure
water jets that loosen the bottom material and suction openings
through which dredged material and water are drawn into the
suction line as the dredge is winched forward.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Dustpan Dredges

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Example
Dredging through a shoaled area obstructing navigation will involve
removal of 1 million cubic yards of material at a depth of
approximately 40 ft. Two disposal areas are under consideration:
Costs to shippers associated with the impaired depth are estimated
at $ 10,000 per day, and it is important that project depth be restored
as quickly as possible, but not at excessive cost. Two dredges are
available for the work: a 30 in. dredge costing $ 15,000 per day, and
a 24 in. dredge costing $ 10,000 per day. Determine the optimum
combination dredge size and disposal area based on economic
considerations only. (See Fig. 8-11 to determine the dredging
production rate).

Disposal Distance to Cost of

site work site (ft) site
A 10,000 $100,000
B 14,000 $ 20,000
Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin
Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin
 Channel Dimensions
 The authorized depth is generally the depth at mean low
flow for a continuous period of 15 days in the lowest
water period in the navigation season.
 Over-depth or advance maintenance is to avoid frequent
maintenance dredging, and a matter of economic
decision.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Dredging Sequence
Dredging is either initial new construction, or maintenance
dredging to restore initial channel conditions.
Initial construction is dredging to authorized channel
dimension plus an allowance for overdepth dredging to
compensate for inaccuracies in the dredging operation.
Periodic maintenance dredging is dredging performed on a
regular basis, for example, annually following the major flood
season on river having a single flood season each year, to
restore authorized channel dimensions, with the expectation that
authorized dimensions will be maintained by stream until the
next flood season.
Non-periodic or occasional maintenance dredging is done on
“as needed” basis when channel dimensions have diminished to
where they limit navigation.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Sediment Resuspension
Different type of dredges (Bucket, Hopper, and Cutterhead
dredges) gives different impact on sediment re-suspension.
•Bucket dredges: Most sediment resuspension occurs when the
bucket hit the bottom and pulls off the bottom, when slurry leaks
or spills from the bucket as it is raised to the disposal barge.
•Hopper dredges: Sediment resuspension occurs when the
suction lines are pulled through the sediment, from propeller
wash and vessel movement, and when there is overflow from
the hoppers.
•Cutterhead dredges: Sediment resuspension is concentrated in
the vicinity of the cutterhead, and the level of turbidity is related
to the type and quantity of material cut but not picked up by the
suction line.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Sediment Resuspension

Pollution potential
 Dredged material high in organic matter and
clay is biologically and chemically active and
tends to retain many contaminant if it is not
subject to mixing, re-suspension, and
transport
 Sandy material low in organic matter is much
less effective in retaining metals and organic
contaminants and release toxic substances
on mixing in water column, by leaching, and
by uptake of vegetation.
Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin
 Dredged Material Disposal

Open-Water Disposal
Open water disposal operations generate local turbidity
by re-suspending fine-grained material in the flow.
Minimization of impact is by using silt curtain during the
dredging operation.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Dredged Material Disposal

Confined Land Disposal

Diked containment areas are used to retain solids in the
dredge material while allowing excess water from the slurry
to be discharged from the disposal area. Containment
must:
Provide sufficient storage capacity to meet dredging
requirements
Attain the highest possible efficiency in retaining solids
during the dredging operation to meet effluent requirements

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Dredged Material Disposal

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Disposal of Polluted Dredged Material

In cases where the material is significantly polluted:

 Open water disposal methods should not be used
because of possible release of contaminants to the
receiving water.
Confined land disposal, even though it is usually more
costly, it could be the only possible alternative for disposing
of some high-polluted sediment.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Disposal of Polluted Dredged Material

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Disposal of Polluted Dredged Material
In evaluating alternative disposal sites for polluted material, the US Army, Corps
of Engineers (1980b) suggest consideration of the following:
Public acceptance of potential problems
Planned beneficial uses of the receiving water
Hydrogeological conditions at the site, including depth to the groundwater
table, groundwater flow patterns, salinity profiles, geological formations, and soil
types
Soil permeability and homogeneity of the soil profile with regard to potential of
the soil for retarding leachate movement
Economic and engineering feasibility of artificial barriers or treatment to
control or correct potential problems
Similarity of site soil to dredged sediment (chemical and physically) and
compatibility of soil interstitial water with predredging bottom sediment
interstitial water;
Development of laboratory column of other predictive testing, and/or field
monitoring to determine the compatibility of leachates with subsurface receiving
water.
Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin
 Dredged Material as a Resource
 One major beneficial use of dredged material is creating
new land, and there are many productive land uses of
containment areas after they have been filled:
a) Recreational (commercial and noncommercial)
b) Industrial (including port development)
c) Agricultural (increasing crop yield)
d) Institutional (including public transportation)
e) Material transfer (road sanding, fill for embankments,
land reclamation)
f) Water-way related (shore protection, beach
nourishment)
g) Habitat development (substrate for habitat development)
Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin
Hopper Dredger

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin
Dredging in the News

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Dredging in the News

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Dredging in the News

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Canalling
 River whose discharge is liable to become quite small at their low
stage, or somewhat large fall as is usual in the upper part of rivers,
cannot be given adequate depth for navigation by regulation works
alone; and their ordinary summer level has to be raised by
impounding the flow with weirs at intervals across the channel ,
while a lock has to be provided alongside the weir, or in a side
channel to provide passage for vessels.
 Canalization secures a definite available depth for navigation, and
the discharge of the river generally is amply sufficient for
maintaining the impounded water level, as well as providing the
necessary water for locking.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Canalling

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Flood Mitigation
 Flood Damage Mitigation is to reduce flood damage
to a minimum consistent with the cost involved.
This is on the understanding that absolute control
over floods is rarely feasible either physically or
economically.
 A flood is the result of runoff from rainfall and/or
melting snow in quantities too great to be confined
in the low-water channels of streams.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Flood Mitigation
The commonly accepted measures for reducing flood
damage are as follows:
1. Reduction of peak flow by reservoir
2. Confinement of the flow within a predetermined
channel by levees, flood walls or close conduit
3. Reduction of peak stage by increased velocities
resulting from channel improvement
4. Diversion of flood waters through a flood by pass
(floodways), which may returned the water to the same
channel at a point downstream or deliver it to another
channel or different watershed.
5. Flood proofing of specific properties
6. Reduction of flood runoff by land management.
7. Temporary evacuation of flood threatened areas on the
basis of flood warnings
8. Flood plain management
Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin
 FLOOD DISASTER/DAMAGE
MITIGATION

Flood Mitigation and Relief (7) Flood Defence and Management

Flood Defense
Flood Flood Non Structural
Engineering and
Forecasting and Emergency Measure Management
Routing and Relief (Structural)

Flood Land
Proofing Management Discharge Water Level Levee, Flood wall or
(5) (6) Control Control close conduit (2)

Storage Diversion River Channel Floodplain

Measures (1) Measures (4) measures (3) Measures (8)
Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin
 Public View of Flood Mitigation

It is not unusual for a new flood-mitigation

project to be described as one that will
“prevent floods for all time”.
This thought can lull the public to sleep
behind inadequate protection, and their
awakening may come too late to minimize
the damage.
A flood warning system ought to be
provided in areas where severe flooding is
possible should the protective works fail.
Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin
 The Design Flood
 The U.S. Corps of Engineers uses standard
project flood as the basis of its studies.
 Defined as “discharges that may be expected
from the most severe combination of
meteorologic and hydrologic conditions that are
considered reasonably characteristics of the
geographical region involved, excluding
extremely rare combinations”.
 The standard project flood is about 50% of the
probable maximum flood for the area.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 The Design Flood
 The standard project flood is usually determined
by transposing the largest rainstorm observed in
the region surrounding the project and
converting the storm to flow by use of a rainfall-
runoff relation and unit hydrograph.
 In the Flood Disaster and Protection Act of 1973
Congress specified the 100-yr flood as the limit
of the flood plain for flood insurance purposes
and this has become widely accepted as the
standard of risk.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Flood-Mitigation Reservoirs

Two basic types of flood-mitigation reservoirs:

1. Storage Reservoir
The discharge from a storage reservoir is
regulated by gates and valves operated on
the basis of the judgment of the project
engineer;
2. Retarding Basins
Retarding basins are provided with fixed,
ungated outlets that automatically regulated
the outflow in accordance with the volume of
water in storage.
Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin
 Storage Reservoirs

Flood Mitigation Single Purpose Reservoir:

 The function of a flood-mitigation reservoir
is to store a portion of the flood flow as to
minimize the flood peak at the point to be
protected.
 Controlled outflow = save channel capacity.
All flow above this rate is stored until
inflow drops below the channel capacity,
and the store water is released to recover
storage capacity for the next flood.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Storage Reservoirs

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Storage Reservoirs

Location of Reservoir:
 The most effective flood mitigation is
obtained from an adequate reservoir
located immediately upstream from
the point (or reach) to be protected
 Table 20.1 presents data on several
flood-mitigation systems constructed
or proposed in the United States.
 In general, at least one-third of the
total drainage area should be under
reservoir control for effective flood
reduction.
Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin
Storage Reservoirs

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Retarding Basin
General Characteristic of Retarding Basins:
 The outlet of a retarding basin usually consist of
large spillway or one or more un-gated sluiceway
{Q = CdA (2gh)0.5}
 Usually, retarding basin is selected at streams,
which are rise so rapidly that it would be difficult
to operate storage reservoirs effectively
 As a flood occurs, the retarding basin fills and the
discharge increases until the flood has passed and
the inflow has become equal to the outflow. After
this time, water is automatically withdrawn from
the basin until the stored water is completely
discharged (See Fig. 20.5)

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Retarding Basin

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Levees and Flood Walls
Structural Design of Levees and Flood Walls:

 A levee is an earth dike, while a flood wall is usually of

masonry construction;
 In general, levees and flood walls must satisfy the same
criteria as regular dams;
 Levees are usually built of material excavated from borrow
pits paralleling the levee line;
 Most levees are homogeneous material, where the material
(the least previous material along the riverside) should be
placed in layers and compacted;
 Levee cross sections must be adjusted to fit the site and
available materials. Details of a typical levee are shown in
Fig. 20.6;
 Real estate costs for levees may be reasonable in rural
areas, but in cities it is often difficult to obtain enough line
for earth dikes. In this case concrete flood walls (Fig. 20.7)
may be preferable solution.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Levees and Flood Walls

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Levees and Flood Walls

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Levees and Flood Walls
Location of Levees:

 The channel width between levees and the height of the levees
are closely related. Hence, it is necessary to determine by trial
the channel-width and levee-height combination that offers the
greatest net benefits;
 It is often cheaper to place the levees along the high ground,
which is built as a result of deposition of sediment when the
stream overflows;
 A city or agricultural district may be protected by a ring levee,
which completely encircles the area (Fig. 20.8a);
 The alternative to a ring levee is to carry the levee line back
until it can be terminated in high ground (Fig. 20.8b);
 In a meandering river, the levee lines skirt the outside of the
bends so that the levied channel is less tortuous than the
natural low-water channel (Fig. 20.8c). At points where bank
erosion can be expected, the levee should be protected;
 Minor tributaries are not levied but are treated as problems in
interior drainage (next section)
Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin
Levees and Flood Walls

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Levees and Flood Walls
Four general solutions to the problem of interior drainage:

1. The water may be collected at some low point and pumped

over the levee during floods when gravity flow through outlet
gates is impossible (Fig. 20.9a);

2. The water may also be collected in an open channel on land

beside the levee and diverted downstream to some point
where gravity discharge is always possible (Fig. 20.9b,c,d);

3. Tributary streams are sometimes enclosed in a pressure

conduit whose upstream end is at an elevation that permits
gravity flow into the main stream at all times (Fig.20.9e); and

4. A final possibility is to collect the water in a storage basin

until gravity discharge to a stream is possible.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Levees and Flood Walls

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Levees and Flood Walls
Levee Maintenance and Flood Fighting:
 There are many possible causes of levee failure,
and no levee can be assumed to be safe during a
flood;
 Levee should undergo regular annual inspection
with the aim of looking for evidence of:
 bank caving,
 weak spots created by animals or vegetation,
 foundation settlement,
 bank sloughing,
 erosion around the outlets of sewers or other pipes
passing through the levee, and
 other possible sources of danger.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Levees and Flood Walls

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Flood Bypass

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Flood Bypass
 During flood stage, floodwater leaves the river at
controlled weirs and flows into and through the Yolo
Bypass, which is a natural lowland used primarily for
cattle grazing.
 Adequate warning can be given to the ranchers so
that the cattle can be removed from the low-laying
area before the floodwaters arrive.
 By this means the flow in the main channel of the
river is reduced.
 The bypass also stores a substantial volume of
water temporarily, thus serving as a large shallow
reservoir.
Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin
Flood Barriers and Gates

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Land Management
 Vegetation and Flood.
• The vegetal cover creates a sort of retarding basin that
stores a portion of the runoff that might otherwise
contributes to flood.
• The storage may an important quantity in minor storms. It
maybe quite negligible in major flood, particularly if the
flood-producing storm is precede by other rains that fill
the storage space.
 Water and Soil Conservation
• Contour plowing and terracing are used to retard surface
runoff and promote infiltration of water into soil.
• This method are useful in reducing flood flows in small
stream.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Temporary Evacuation
 The high cost of flood mitigation infrastructure and
the prevention from loss of life are making the
evacuation become one of the most effective
means of flood damage reduction.
 A good flood-forecasting service is relatively
inexpensive and can often provide adequate
warning sufficiently far in advance to permit
orderly and complete evacuation
 The smaller the drainage area of the stream, the
more difficult it is to provide warnings in time.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Temporary Evacuation

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Temporary Evacuation

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Flood Plain Management
 Avoiding risk by staying out of the flood plain is the only
flood control measure whose results are almost certain.
 However, encroachment on lands subject to flooding has
taken place more rapidly than flood control works have been
constructed, with the result that flood damages have been
steadily increasing.
 Flood plain management should aim toward minimizing the
cost of flood-plain occupancy.
• The management should pursue flood-plain regulations
that encourage use of the flood plain, which will not result
in significant damage to property.
• For areas not yet developed, leaving the flood plain in its
natural state, using it for a park, or agricultural purposes
may be advantageous.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Sarawak River Basin

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Sarawak River Basin
 Total area 1435 km2 to Barrage
 Sarawak River Kanan basin 516.2 km2 (36%).
 Sarawak River Kiri basin 700.1 km2 (49%).
 Largely undeveloped (impervious area <6%)
 Longest flow path to Barrage about 110 km.
 Highest point at Gunung Penrissen (1330 m LSD).
 City area 2 to 5 m LSD.
 High rainfall (4000 mm to 4500 mm p.a.)

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Flooding Problems in the past

Weir Kiri (December 2006)

Tondong Area (December 2006)

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin
 Causes of flooding based on studies carried out

a) Limited river channel conveyance

• Natural river channel formed by more
frequent flow rather than rarely occurred
major event, hence there is a certain limit
to channel conveyance capacity.
• Flat hydraulic gradient of 1 to 10,000
between Batu Kitang and Barrage.
• Bankfull conveyance estimated at 1500 to
2500 cumecs compared with 2004 peak
discharge of 3760 cumecs.
Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin
 Causes of flooding based on studies carried out

b) Limited channel storage volume

• Start flooding >2.5 m LSD
• Storage volume for Sarawak River 43 Mm3

c) Downstream flood level governed predominantly

by tide level. The tail water determines the lowest
flood water, not channel size or depth.
d) The recent floods were not magnified by the
existing barrage as the flood profiles are the
same with or without barrage.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

 Causes of flooding based on studies carried out

e) Urban development and filling of low-lying

flood plain will increase runoff and reduce
storage resulting in more frequent
flooding.
f) New development should ensure floor
level higher than historical or 100 years
ARI flood level – MASMA
recommendation.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin
 The overall Flood Mitigation Scheme
Component Mitigation Principle
Barrage and Causeways Prevent nuisance tidal flooding
Flood Bypass Channel and control Divert flood away from city through
structures shorter route while maintaining current
river regime
Upstream Detention Storage Control runoff quantity from upper
catchment
Localised Bund Protection For existing built-up low-lying areas
Telemetry Flood Warning System For early anticipation and effective
control of water level

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Charles Bong Hin