CHAPTER 1 :NUMBER SYSTEMS

AND CODES
Objectives :

•Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal and BCD Number System.

• Number Conversion
Outcomes
At the end of this chapter, students should be
able to:-
Differentiate between decimal, binary, octal,
hexadecimal and BCD.
Convert number between bases.
1.0 Types of Number System

Decima
l

Numb
Hexa
decima
er Binary
l Syste
ms
Octal
1.1 List of Number

Type Base Numbers/Symbols

Decimal 10 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Binary 2 0, 1

Octal 8 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Hexadecimal 16 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D,
E, F
2.0 Binary Numbers
 Used to represent the voltage levels of a digital circuit.
 Only two voltage levels present in a digital circuit, logic High and
logic Low.
 The high voltage is +5V and the low voltage is +0V.
 The binary numbers represent the logic low as a 0 and the logic high
as a 1.

2.1ABinary
calculator
NumbersisExample
an example of a digital system.
 Decimal numbers are pressed on the keypad, where the input values
are converted to binary for processing, then converts the answers to
a decimal value before displaying them.
 Number conversion occurs extensively in a digital circuit.
 In this chapter, you will learn numbers systems and codes used in
digital circuit. You will also learn how to perform conversion from one
number system to another.
 Decimal
2.2 A decimal number
 Binary can
be converted to a binary number by
Conversion
successively dividing the number by 2 as follows:

•Note that the first remainder becomes the most significant bit (MSB). The last
remainder becomes the least significant bit (LSB).
2.3
Binary  Decimal Conversion
A binary number is converted to a decimal number by summing
together the weights of various positions in the binary number which
contain a 1. For example, 10101112 = 8710.
3.0 Decimal  Octal Conversion
 A decimal number can be converted to an octal number by
successively dividing the number by 8 as follows:

266 ÷ 8 = 33 remainder 2 LSD (right-most digit)

33 ÷ 8 = 4 remainder 1
4 ÷ 8 = 0 remainder 4 MSB (left-most digit).

 Therefore 26610 = 4128

 3.1 Octal  Decimal Conversion
 To convert an octal number to a decimal number, multiply each octal
value by the weight of the digit and sum the results. For example,
4128 = 26610.
3.2
 Octal  Binary Representation
Each octal digit can be represented by a 3-bit binary number as
shown below:
3.3
 Octal Binary Conversion
Conversion from octal to binary is very straightforward. Each octal digit
is replaced by 3-bit binary number. For example, 472 8 = 100 111 0102.

 A binary number is converted into an octal number by taking groups of

3 bits, starting from LSB, and replacing them with an octal digit. For
example, 11 010 1102 = 3268.
4.0 Hexadecimal Number
 The hexadecimal number uses base 16. It uses the digits 0 through
9 plus the letters A, B, C, D, E and F.

 The letter A stands for decimal 10, B for 11, C for 12, D for 13, E for
14 and F for 15.
4.1 Hexadecimal Number
4.2 Decimal  Hexadecimal Conversion
 A decimal number can be converted to hex number by successively
dividing the number by 16 as follows:
4.3 Hexadecimal  Decimal Conversion
 To convert a hex number to a decimal number, multiply each hex
value by the weight of the digit and sum the results. For example,
1A716 = 42310.
 Hexadecimal
4.4 Each hex
digit canConversion
Binary be represented by a 4-bit binary number as
shown above. Conversion from hex to binary is very straightforward.
Each hex digit is replaced by 4-bit binary number.

 A binary number is converted into an octal number by taking groups

of 4 bits, starting from LSB, and replacing them with a hex digit. For
example, 110101102 = 3268.
5.0 Binary-Coded-Decimal (BCD)

 Conversions between decimal and binary can become long and

complicated for large numbers.

 For example, convert 87410 to binary. The answer is 11011010102,

but it takes quite a lot of time and effort to make this conversion. We
call this straight binary coding.
5.1 Binary-Coded-Decimal (BCD)
 The Binary-Coded-Decimal (BCD) code makes conversion much
easier. Each decimal digit, 0 through 9, is represented with a 4-Bit
BCD code as shown below. The BCD code 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101,
1110 and 1111 are not used.
5.2 Decimal  BCD Conversion
 Conversion between BCD and decimal is accomplished by replacing
a 4-bit BCD for each decimal digit. For example, 87410 = 1000 0111
0100BCD.

 BCD is not another number system like binary, octal, decimal and
hexadecimal. It is in fact the decimal system with each digit encoded
in its binary equivalent. A BCD code is not the same as a straight
binary number. For example, the BCD code requires 12 bits, while
the straight binary number requires only 10 bits to represent 873 10.
5.3 BCD  Decimal Conversion

 A BCD code is converted into a decimal number by taking groups of

4 bits, starting from LSB, and replacing them with a BCD code. For
example, 1 1001 0111 1000 BCD = 197810
Exercises
1. Convert decimal 23410 to
a. binary
b. BCD
b. octal
c. hexadecimal

2. Convert binary 10010111012 to

a. decimal
b. octal
c. hexadecimal
d. BCD
Exercises
3. Convert hexadecimal ABF216 to
a. decimal
b. binary
c. octal
d. BCD

4. Convert BCD 10010100100110001BCD to

a. decimal
b. octal
c. hexadecimal
d. binary

5. Convert number octal 5268 to

a. decimal
b. BCD
c. hexadecimal
d. binary
 6.0 Base Conversion for Floating Points with the Remainder
Method
Decimal 
Binary
Eg. Convert 23.37510 to base 2.

Technique:
1. Start by converting the integer portion:
6.0 Floating Points Conversion using Remainder Method
Decimal 
Binary
2. Then, convert the fraction by multiply it with the based we want to convert:

IF ZERO, THEN
STOP
 6.0 Base Conversion for Floating Points with the Remainder
Method

Binary  Decimal
Eg. 1010.012 = _________ 10
 Technique:
– Multiply each binary number by 2-n, where -n is the weight of the bit for fraction starting from
left to right. .
– Then, sum the results.

1010.012
= 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 . 0 x 2-1 + 1 x 2-2
= 10 + 0.25
= 10.25 10
Therefore, 1010.012 = 10.2510
6.0 Base Conversion for Floating Points with the Remainder
Method
Octal – Decimal
Technique:
– Multiply each octal number by 8-n, where -n is the weight of the bit for
fraction starting from left to right. .
– Then, sum the results.

Eg. 46.38 = _________ 10

46.38 = 4 x 81 + 6 x 80 + 3 x 8-1
= 38 + 0.375
= 38.375 10

Therefore, 46.38 = 38.37510

6.0 Base Conversion for Floating Points with the Remainder
Method
Hexadecimal -
Decimal
Technique:
– Multiply each hexadecimal number by 16 -n, where -n is the weight of
the bit for fraction starting from left to right.
– Then, sum the results.

Eg. A7.0F16 = _________ 10

A7.0F16 = 10 x 161 + 7 x 160 + 0 x 16-1 + 15 x 16-2

= 167 + 0.059
= 167.059 10

Therefore, A7.0F16 = 167.05910

Exercises
1. Convert the following number to the indicated base/code.

a) 11101.112 to decimal.
b) FED.4716 to octal.
c) 01101001BCD to binary.
d) 7548 to BCD.
e) 152.2510 to hexadecimal.