Chemical

Chemical Equations
Equations

1
 Chapter Outline
8.1 The Chemical Equation 8.4 Types of Chemical Equations

8.2
Writing and Balancing Eq
uations
8.3
What Information Does a
n Equation Tell Us

2
• Chemists use chemical equations to
describe reactions they observe in the
laboratory or in nature.
• Chemical equations provide us with
the means to
1. summarize the reaction
2. display the substances that are reacting
3. show the products
4. indicate the amounts of all component
substances in a reaction. 3
• Chemical reactions always involve
change.
• Atoms, molecules or ions rearrange to
form new substances.
• The substances entering the reaction
are called reactants.
• The substances formed in the reaction
are called products.
• During reactions chemical bonds are
broken and new bonds are formed.
4
The Chemical Equation

5
• A chemical equation is a shorthand
expression for a chemical change or
reaction.
• A chemical equation uses the chemical
symbols and formulas of the reactants
and products and other symbolic terms
to represent a chemical reaction.

6
 Chemical Equation
Al + Fe2O3  Fe + Al2O3
reactants products
Iron III oxide aluminum oxìde
bonds break bonds form

7
Coefficients (whole numbers) are placed
in front of substances to balance the
equation and to indicate the number of
units (atoms, molecules, moles, or ions)
of each substance that is reacting.

8
 2 Al + Fe2O3  2Fe + Al2O3
coefficient coefficient

9
Conditions required to carry out the
reaction may be placed above or below
the arrow.

10
 
2 Al + Fe2O3  2Fe + Al2O3
coefficient coefficient

 heat

11
The physical state of a substance is
indicated by symbols such as (l) for
liquid.

12
In a chemical
reaction atoms are
neither created nor
destroyed.

2Al(s) (s)  2Fe(l)

(s) + Fe2O3(s) (l) + Al2O3 (s)
(s)

All atoms present in

the reactant must
also be present in
the products. 13
 Symbols Used
in Chemical Reactions

14
 symbol +

meaning plus

placed
location between
substances 15
 symbol 

meaning yields

between
location reactants and
products 16
 symbol (s)

meaning solid

location after formula

17
 symbol (l)

meaning liquid

location after formula

18
 symbol (g)

meaning gas

location after formula

19
 symbol (aq)

meaning aqueous

location after formula

20
 symbol 

meaning heat

location written above 

21
 symbol h

meaning light energy

location written above 

22
 symbol 

meaning gas formation

location after formula

23
 Writing and
Balancing Equations

24
• To balance an equation, adjust the
number of atoms of each element so
that they are the same on each side of
the equation.
• Never change a correct formula to
balance an equation.

25
 Steps for
Balancing Equations

26
Step 1 Identify the reaction. Write a
description or word equation for the
reaction.

Mercury (II) oxide decomposes to form mercury

and oxygen.

mercury(II) oxide → mercury + oxygen

27
Step 2 Write the unbalanced (skeleton)
equation.
– The formulas of the reactants and
products must be correct.
– The reactants are written to the left of
the arrow and the products to the right
of the arrow.

HgO  Hg + O2
The formulas of the reactants and
products can never be changed. 28
Step 3a Balance the equation.
– Count and compare the number of atoms of each
element on both sides of the equation.
– Determine the elements that require balancing.

29
Step 3a Balance the equation.

HgO → Hg + O2
Element Reactant Side Product Side
Hg 1 1

– There is one mercury atom on the reactant side

and one mercury atom on the product side.
– Mercury is balanced.

30
Step 3a Balance the equation.

HgO  Hg + O2
Element Reactant Side Product Side
O 1 2

– There are two oxygen atoms on the

product side and there is one oxygen
atom on the reactant side.
– Oxygen needs to be balanced.

31
Step 3b Balance the equation.
– Balance each element one at a time, by placing
whole numbers (coefficients) in front of the
formulas containing the unbalanced element.

– A coefficient placed before a formula

multiplies every atom in the formula by that
number.

32
Step 3b Balance the equation.

2 HgO  Hg + O2
Element Reactant Side Product Side
O 1 2 2

• Place a 2 in front of HgO to balance O.

 There are two oxygen atoms on the reactant side and
there are two oxygen atoms on the product side.

 Oxygen (O) is balanced. 33

Step 3c Balance the equation.
• Check all other elements after each
individual element is balanced to see
whether, in balancing one element,
another element became unbalanced.

34
Step 3c Balance the equation.

2HgO  Hg + O2
Element Reactant Side Product Side
Hg 2 1

• Count and compare the number of mercury

(Hg) atoms on both sides of the equation.
• There are two mercury atoms on the reactant
side and there is one mercury atom on the
product side.
 Mercury (Hg) is not balanced. 35
Step 3c Balance the equation.

2HgO  2Hg + O2
Element Reactant Side Product Side
Hg 2 1 2

• Place a 2 in front of Hg to balance mercury.

There are two mercury atoms on the reactant side

and there are two mercury atoms on the product side.

Mercury (Hg) is balanced. 36

  THE EQUATION IS BALANCED
2HgO  2Hg + O2
Element Reactant Side Product Side
Hg 2 2
O 2 2

37
 Balance the Equation
sulfuric acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium sulfate + water

38
 Balance the Equation
H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)

Reactant Side Product Side

S 1 1
Na 1 2
2
O 5 5
H 3 6 2
4
There
Place ais2one
in front
Na onofthe
NaOH
reactant
to balance
side and
Na.there are
two Na on the product side. 39
  THE EQUATION IS BALANCED 
H2SO4(aq) + NaOH(aq)
2 → Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)
2
Reactant Side Product Side
S 1 1
Na 2 2
O 6 1
H 4 2 6
4
There
Place aare 4H
2 in on the
front of Hreactant side and two H on
2O to balance H.
the product side. 40
 Balance the Equation
butane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

41
 Balance the Equation
C4H10 (g) + O2 (g) → 4CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Reactant Side Product Side

C 4 14
H 10 2
O 2 39

There
Place aare four
4 in C on
front of the
CO2reactant sideC.
to balance and there is
one C on the product side. 42
 C4H10 (g) + O2 (g) → 4 CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)

Reactant Side Product Side

C 4 4
H 10 2
10
O 2 13
9

There
Place aare 10front
5 in H onofthe
H2reactant side and
O to balance H. there are
two H on the product side. 43
 2 C4H10 (g) + O2 (g) → 8CO2(g) +105H2O(l)

Reactant Side Product Side

C 48 84
H 10 10
20
O 2 26
13

To balance
There is no O double
whole all of coefficient
number the coefficients.
that can be
placed in front of O2 to balance O. 44
  THE EQUATION IS BALANCED 
2 C4H10 (g) +13 O2 (g) → 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l)

Reactant Side Product Side

C 8 8
H 20 20
O 26
2 26

There
Place aare
13now 26 Oofon
in front O2the
to product
balance side.
O.
45
What Information Does
an Equation Tell Us?

46
The meaning of a formula
is context dependent.
The formula H2O can mean:
1. 2H and 1 O atom
2. 1 molecule of water
3. 1 mol of water
4. 6.022 x 1023 molecules of water
5. 18.02 g of water

47
In an equation formulas can represent units
of individual chemical entities or moles.

H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
1 molecule H2 1 molecule Cl2 2 molecules HCl
1 mol H2 1 mol Cl2 2 mol HCl

48
 Formulas
Number of
molecules
Number
of atoms
Number
of moles
Molar
masses

49
Types of Chemical
Equations

50
 Combination
Decomposition
Single-Displacement
Double-Displacement

51
Combination Reactions

52
Two reactants combine to form one product.

A + B  AB
53
Examples

54
 Metal + Oxygen → Metal Oxide

2Ca(s) + O2(g)  2CaO(s)

4Al(s) + 3O2(g)  2Al2O3(s)

55
Nonmetal + Oxygen → Nonmetal Oxide

S(s) + O2(g)  SO2(g)

N2(g) + O2(g)  2NO(g)

56
 Metal + Nonmetal → Salt

2K(s) + F2(g)  2KF(s)

2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g)  2AlCl3(s)

57
 Metal Oxide + Water → Metal Hydroxide

Na2O(s) + H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq)

CaO(s) + H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(aq)

58
 Nonmetal Oxide + water → Oxy-acid

SO3(g) + H2O(l)  H2SO4(aq)

N2O5(g) + H2O(l)  2HNO3(aq)

59
Decomposition Reactions

60
 A single substance breaks down to
give two or more different substances.

AB  A + B
61
Examples

62
 Metal Oxide → Metal + Oxygen

2Ag2O(s)  4Ag(s) + O2(g)

Hydrates → anhydrous salt+ water

CuSo4 5H2O  CuSo4 (s) + 5H2O(g)

.

63
Metallic Carbonate → metallic oxides+CO2(g)

CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Hydrogen carbonate →salt+water+ CO2(g)

2NaHCO3(s)  Na2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g)

64
Single Displacement
Reactions

65
 One element reacts with a compound to
replace one of the elements of that compound.

A + BC  AC + B
66
 Metal + Acid → Hydrogen + Salt

Mg(s) + HCl(aq)  H2(g) + MgCl2(aq)

salt

2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq)  3H2(g) + Al2(SO4)3(aq)

salt
67
Metal + Water → Hydrogen + Metal Hydroxide

Na(s) + 2H2O(l)  H2(g) + NaOH(aq)

metal
hydroxide

Ca(s) + 2H2O(l)  H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq)

metal
hydroxide 68
 Metal + Water → Hydrogen + Metal Oxide

Fe(s) + 4H2O(g)  4H2(g) + Fe3O4(s)

metal
oxide

69
The Activity Series

70
An atom of an element in the activity series will displace an
atom of an element below it from one of its compounds .
Metals
K
Ca
Na
Mg
Al
increasing Zn
Fe Sodium (Na) will displace an
activity Ni atom below it from one of its
Sn compounds.
Pb
H
Cu
Ag
Hg 71
 Examples
Metal Activity Series

72
Metal Higher in Activity Series Displacing Metal Below It

Mg(s) + PbS(s)  MgS(s) + Pb(s)

Metals
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Magnesium is above lead
Ni in the activity series.
Sn
Pb 73
Metal Lower in Activity Cannot Displace Metal Above It

Ag(s) + CuCl2(s)  no reaction

Metals
Pb
H
Cu Silver is below copper in
Ag the activity series.
Hg

74
 Example
Halogen Activity Series

75
Halogen Higher in Activity Series Displaces Halogen Below It

Cl2(g) + CaBr2(s)  CaCl2(aq) + Br2(aq)

Halogens
F2
Cl2 Chlorine is above bromine
Br2 in the activity series.
I2

76
Double Displacement
Reactions

77
The
Tworeaction
compoundscan be
exchange
thoughtpartners
of as an with
exchange
each
A
B displaces D C and combines with D C
other of
to positive
produce and
two negative
differentgroups.
compounds.

AB + CD  AD + CB

78
 The Following Accompany Double
Displacement Reactions
• formation of a precipitate
• release of gas bubbles
• release of heat
• formation of water

79
Examples

80
 Acid Base Neutralization
acid + base → salt + water

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)  Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

81
 Formation of an Insoluble Precipitate

AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)  AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq)  PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

82
 Metal Oxide + Acid
metal oxide + acid → salt + water

CuO(s) + 2HNO3(aq)  Cu(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)

CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(s) + H2O(l)

83
 Formation of a Gas

H2SO4(aq) + 2NaCN(aq)  Na2SO4(aq) + 2HCN(g)

NH4Cl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + NH4OH(aq)

indirect gas
formation
NH4OH(aq)  NH3(g) + H2O(l) 84
 Heat in
Chemical Reactions

85
 Energy changes always
accompany chemical reactions.
One reason
When thiswhy reactions
occurs, energyoccur
is
is released
that the product attains a lower
to the surroundings.
energy state than the reactants.

86
Energy changes always accompany
chemical reactions.
One reason
When this why reactions
occurs, occur
energy is
is that thetoproduct
released attains a lower
the surroundings.
energy state than the reactants.

87
The amounts of substances
Exothermic areliberate
reactions expressed in moles.
heat.

H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g) + 185 kJ (exothermic)

1 mol 1 mol 2 mol

Endothermic reactions absorb heat.

N2(g) + O2(g) + 185 kJ → 2NO(g) (exothermic)
1 mol 1 mol 2 mol
88
 For life on Earth the sun is
the major provider of energy.
The energy for plant photosynthesis is
derived from the sun.
6CO2 + 6H2O + 2519 kJ → C6H12O6 + 6O2
glucose

glucose
89
Energy of Activation

90
• A certain amount of energy is always
required for a reaction to occur.
• The energy required to start a reaction
is called the energy of activation.

91
 6CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + 890 kJ
• This reaction will not occur unless
activation energy is supplied.
• The activation energy can take the
form of a spark or a flame.

92
 93
8.2
8.1
94