RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT, VALIDITY
AND RELIABILITY
Research
Instrument
■basic tools researchers
used to gather data for
specific research problems
■Common instruments are
performance tests,
questionnaires, interviews,
and observation checklist
Research
Instrument
■ In constructing the research
instrument of the study, there are
many factors to be considered:
– The type of instrument,
– reasons for choosing the type,
– and the description and
conceptual definition of its
parts
■ Furthermore, it is also very important
to understand:
– the concepts of scales of
research instruments
– how to establish validity and
reliability of instruments.
Characteristics of a
Good Research
Instrument
■ Concise.
– A good research instrument
is concise in length yet can
elicit the needed data.
Characteristics of a
Good Research
Instrument
■ Sequential.
– Questions or items must be
arranged well. It is
recommended to arrange it
from simplest to the most
complex. In this way, the
instrument will be more
favorable to the respondents
to answer.
Characteristics of a
Good Research
Instrument
■ Valid and reliable.
– The instrument should pass
the tests of validity and
reliability to get more
appropriate and accurate
information.
Characteristics of a
Good Research
Instrument
■ Easily tabulated.
– Since you will be constructing an
instrument for quantitative
research, this factor should be
considered. Hence, before crafting
the instruments, the researcher
makes sure that the variable and
research questions are established.
These will be an important basis for
making items in the research
instruments.
Ways of Developing
Research Instrument
1. Adopting an
instrument from the
already utilized
instruments from previous
related studies.
Ways of Developing
Research Instrument
2. Adapting or Modifying an
existing instrument when
the available instruments do
not yield the exact data that
will answer the research
problem
Ways of Developing
Research Instrument
3. Researcher made
instrument that
corresponds to the
variable and scope of his
current study.
Common Scales Used in
Quantitative Research
■Likert Scale.
– This is the most common scale used in quantitative research.
Respondents were asked to rate or rank statements according to
the scale provided. Example: A Likert scale that measures the
attitude of students towards distance learning.
Common Scales Used in
Quantitative Research
■ Semantic Differential.
– In this scale, a series of bipolar adjectives will be rated by
the respondents. This scale seems to be more
advantageous since it is more flexible and easy to
construct.
VALIDITY
A research instrument is considered valid if
it measures what it supposed to measure.
Types of Validity of
Instrument
■ Face Validity.
– It is also known as “logical
validity.” It calls for an
initiative judgment of the
instruments as it “appear.”
Just by looking at the
instrument, the researcher
decides if it is valid.
Types of Validity of
Instrument
■ Content Validity.
– An instrument that is judged with
content validity meets the objectives
of the study. It is done by checking
the statements or questions if this
elicits the needed information.
Experts in the field of interest can
also provide specific elements that
should be measured by the
instrument.
Types of Validity of
Instrument
■ Construct Validity.
– It refers to the validity of
instruments as it corresponds
to the theoretical construct
of the study. It is concerning
if a specific measure relates
to other measures.
Types of Validity of
Instrument
■ Concurrent Validity.
– When the instrument can
predict results similar to
those similar tests already
validated, it has
concurrent validity.
Types of Validity of
Instrument
■ Predictive Validity.
– When the instrument is able to
produce results similar to
those similar tests that will be
employed in the future, it has
predictive validity. This is
particularly useful for the
aptitude test.
RELIABILITY
refers to the consistency of the measures
or results of the instrument
Reliability of
Instrument
■Test-retest Reliability.
– It is achieved by giving
the same test to the
same group of
respondents twice. The
consistency of the two
scores will be checked.
Reliability of
Instrument
■ Equivalent Forms
Reliability.
– It is established by
administering two identical
tests except for wordings to
the same group of
respondents
