HUMAN ANATOMY I

(CLI 213)
(4 Unit)
‘WALE ADEYEMI
ANATOMY AND CELL BIOLOGY
FACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES
Topic

OSTEOLOGY OF THE UPPER

LIMBS
 Introduction
 Osteology is the study of bones
 Upper limbs can be divided into 4 segments –
 Pectoral girdle ( scapula & clavicle)
 Arm (humerus)
 Fore arm (radius & ulna)
 Hand (carpals, metacarpals, phalanges)
THE HUMERUS
INTRODUCTION
 The humerus is the largest bone in the upper limb.
 It articulate with the glenoid cavity of the scapula at
the glenohumeral joint and with the radius and ulna
at the elbow joint.
 It has
 a proximal end,
 shaft (body) and
 distal end.
The proximal end
 The proximal end of the humerus has a head, a neck
and greater and lesser tubercules.
 The ball shaped head of the humerus articulate with
the glenoid cavity of scapula.
 The anatomical neck of the humerus is formed by a
groove circumscribing the head and separating if from
greater and lesser tubercle (tuberocities).
The proximal end
 The greater tubercle is at the lateral margin of the
humerus while the lesser tubercle project anteriorly.
 The intertubercular grooves (bicipital groove)
separate the tubercles.
 The surgical neck of the humerus is the narrow part
distal to the tubercles.
 The surgical neck is a common fracture site of the
humerus.
Greater & Lesser tubercles
 Greater tubercle
 It is the most lateral part of the proximal end of humerus.
 Its posterosuperior aspect bears three flattened facet-like
impressions: upper, middle and lower which provide
 attachment to supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres
minor muscles respectively.

 Lesser tubercle
 It is small elevation on the front of upper end of humerus,
just above the surgical neck.
 It provides attachment to subscapularis muscle
Intertubercular Sulcus/Bicipital Groove
 It is a vertical groove between lesser and greater
tubercles.
 It contains:
long head of biceps, enclosed in the synovial sheath,
and
ascending branch of anterior circumflex humeral artery.
 Three muscles are attached in the region of this
groove:
Pectoralis major on the outer lip of the groove.
Teres major on the inner lip of the groove.
Latissimus dorsi in the floor of the groove.
The Shaft
 The body of humerus (shaft)
has two prominent features:
 The deltoid tuberosity laterally
for attachment of deltoid
muscle, and
 the oblique radial groove,
posteriorly in which the radial
nerve and deep artery of the
arm lie.
The distal end
 The inferior (distal) end of the humerus widens as the
sharp, medial and lateral supracondylar ridges which
ends inferiorly as the medial and lateral epicondlyles.
 The inferior end (condyle) of the humerus has 2
articular surfaces:
 A lateral capitulum for articulation with the head of
radius and
 A medial trochlea for articulation with the trochlea
notch of the ulna
Distal end
The distal end
 Superior to the trochlea anteriorly is the coronoid
fossa which receives the coronoid process of ulna
during full flexion of elbow, and
 posteriorly is the olecranon fossa which
accommodate the olecranon of the ulna during full
extension of the elbow.
 Superior to the capitulum anteriorly is a shallow
radial fossa which accommodates the edge of the
head of radius when the forearm is fully flexed.
Applied Anatomy
 Fracture of the humerus:– The most common sites of
humeral fracture are surgical neck, shaft and
supracondylar regions.
 The following part of the humerus are in direct contact
with the structure indicated below.
 Surgical neck – axillary nerve, anterior and posterior
circumflex humeral artery.
 Radial groove – radial nerve, profunda brachial artery
 Distal end of humerus – median nerve
 Medial epicondyle – ulnar nerve
 These nerves and vessel may be injured when the
associated part of the humerus is fractured.
THE ULNA
INTRODUCTION
 The ulna is the medial and longer of the two forearm
bones.
 It articulate with the trochlea of the humerus at the
elbow joint and with the radius at the proximal and
distal radioulna joint.
 It has
 a proximal end,
 shaft (body) and
 distal end.
proximal end
 Its proximal end has two prominent projections;
 The olecranon which project proximally from its
posterior aspect and
 the coronoid process which project anteriorly.
 On the anterior surface of the olecranon is a notch,
trochlea notch which articulate with the trochlea of
humerus.
proximal end
 On the lateral side of coronoid process is the radial
notch which articulate with the head of radius.
 Inferior to the coronoid process is the tuberosity of
ulna for attachment of the tendon of biceps brachii
muscle.
Body and inferior end
 The body of ulna is thick and cylindrical proximally,
but it tapers, diminishing in diameter as it continues
distally.
 At its narrow distal end is a somewhat abrupt
enlargement forming a disc like head and a small
conical styloid process.
THE RADIUS
The radius
 The radius is the lateral and shorter of the two
forearm bones.
 Its proximal end consists of a short cylindrical head, a
neck and a medially directed radial tuberosity.
 The smooth superior aspect of the head of radius is
concave for articulation with the capitulum of
humerus.
 The body of the radius has a lateral convexity. It
gradually and progressively enlarges in girth (width)
as it passes distally.
The radius
 The distal end of the radius is essentially rectangular
when sectioned transversely.
 Its medial aspect form a concavity, the ulna notch
which accommodates the head of ulna.
 Extending from its lateral aspect is the radial styloid
process
BONES OF THE HAND
CARPUS
 The skeleton of the wrist (carpus) is composed of 8
carpal bones arranged in two rows of four each.
These bones give flexibility to the wrist.
 From lateral to medial, the 4 bones in the proximal
row of carpals are
 scaphoid (boat shaped),
 Lunate (moon shaped),
 triquetrum (pyramidal bone) and
 pisiform (pea shaped bone lying on the palmer surface
of triquetrium).
CARPUS
 From the lateral to medial, the four bones in the
distal row of carpal are
 trapezium,
 trapezoid,
 capitate and
 hamate.
The hamate has a hook-like process called hook of
hamate.
METACARPALS and PHALANGES
 The skeleton of the hand between the carpus and
phalanges _ (metacarpus) – is composed of 5
metacarpal bones. Each metacarpal consist of a body
and two ends.
 Each digit has 3 phalanges except the first digit
(thumb) which has only 2.