CLASSIFICATION OF

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

Presented by
Group A
Paromita Paul- 2014125001
Sushanta Gupta- 2014125003
Tawhidur Rahman Toha- 2014125012
Md. Inzamul Haque Sazal- 2014125013
Zabin Akther Munni- 2014125015
 DEFINITION AND TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

Environmental problem : Known process (such as resource consumption)

that has negative effects on the sustainability of the environmental quality
necessary for the well being of the organisms living in it.

Types of Environmental problems :

Types

Natural origin Human origin

-Hail -Over population
-Frost -Hydrological
problems
-Earthquakes -Land use problems
-Volcanic Eruptions -Intensive farming
-Avalanches and landslides etc. -Climate Change etc.
 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ?

Environmental issues are any such issues created

due to human activities and cause harm to the
environment.

 Environmental issues are harmful effects of human activity on the

biophysical environment.

 Environmental Issues are interconnected, that means one issue

accelerate the other e.g. water pollution accelerate the rate of air
pollution causes global warming

Examples : Human overpopulation, hydrological issues, nuclear issues,

land-use issues, intensive farming, Anthropogenic climate change etc.
 HUMAN OVERPOPULATION
The term human overpopulation often refers to
the relationship between the entire human
population and its environment: the Earth or to
smaller geographical areas such as countries.

• Human population has been growing continuously

since the end of the Black Death, around the year 1350,
although the most significant increase has been in the
last 50 years.

• May 21, 2016 the world's human population is

estimated to be 7.323 billion by the United States
Census Bureau, and over 8 billion by the United
Nations. Where most contemporary estimates for the
carrying capacity of the Earth under existing conditions
are between 4 billion and 16 billion.

• In May 2011, the United Nations increased the

medium variant projections to 9.3 billion for 2050 and
10.1 billion for 2100.
 HUMAN OVERPOPULATION
Population scenario
Continent 1900 population Projected 2050 population

Africa 133 million 1.8 billion

Asia 904 million 5.3 billion

Europe 408 million 628 million

Latin America and 809 million

74 million
Caribbean
North America 82 million 392 million
 HYDROLOGICAL ISSUES
 Environmental Impact of Reservoirs-
• Fragmentation of river ecosystems
• Riverline and coastal erosion
• Change in Water temperature
• Reservoir sedimentation
 Tile Drainage
 Flooding
 HYDROLOGICAL ISSUES
Water Scarcity in Agriculture
•

•
Water Stress
 NUCLEAR ISSUES

o Nuclear fallout

o Nuclear meltdown

o Nuclear power

o Nuclear weapons

o Nuclear and radiation accidents

o Nuclear safety

o High-level radioactive waste management

 LAND-USE ISSUES
• Built environment
• Desertification
 Over the last 40 years or so, the global area affected by drought has
increased markedly, and more intense, longer droughts have been
observed over much wider areas – particularly in the tropics and sub-
tropics.
 From 1950-1980 10-14% of the land mass was classified as dry.
 From 2000-2010 this figure had risen to 25-30%.

Causes-
• Human activity – cutting down trees to allow more grazing, or
over-grazing of land by farmed animals.
• Climate change – warming of air temperatures and decreases in
precipitation can cause drought conditions and prevent the
sustained growth of vegetation.
 LAND-USE ISSUES

• Habitat loss
 Habitat destruction
 Habitat fragmentation
 Habitat degradation
• Land degradation and Land pollution
 It is estimated that up to 40% of the world's agricultural land is
seriously degraded.
The major causes
 Land clearance, such as clear cutting and deforestation
 Agricultural depletion of soil nutrients through poor farming practices
 Livestock including overgrazing and overdrafting
 Inappropriate irrigation and overdrafting
 Urban sprawl and commercial development
 Vehicle off-roading
 LAND-USE ISSUES
• Urban heat island
 Research on China and India indicates that urban heat island effect
contributes to climate warming by about 30%.
 In some case, The annual
mean air temperature of a city
with 1 million people or more
can be 1.8–5.4 °F (1.0–3.0 °C)
warmer than its surroundings.
In the evening, the difference can
be as high as 22 °F (12 °C) .
• Urban sprawl
It refers to the migration of a population
from populated towns and cities to low
density residential development over
more and more rural land. The end result
is the spreading of a city and its suburbs
over more and more rural land.
 INTENSIVE FARMING
 Intensive Farming
• Intensive animal farming
• Intensive crop farming
• Irrigation
• Monoculture
• Nutrient pollution
• Overgrazing
• Pesticide drift
• Plasticulture
• Slash and burn
• Tile drainage
NANOTECHNOLOGY
 EFFECTS OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

 Climate change
 According to fifth assessment report of Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, each of the last three decades has been successively
warmer at the earth’s surface than any preceding decade since 1850 .
 In the Northern Hemisphere, 1983–2012 was likely the warmest 30-
year period of the last 1400 years.
Causes
 Greenhouse gases
• Water vapour
• Carbon dioxide (CO2).
• Methane
• Nitrous oxide
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
 Aerosols in the Atmosphere
 Land use change
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Effect
• Global warming
• Global dimming
• Sea level rise
• Ocean acidification
• Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
•Flooding
 EFFECTS OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

 Environmental Degradation
Deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as
air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems and the extinction of
wildlife. Environmental degradation is one of the ten threats officially
cautioned by the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change of
the United Nations.

 Habitat destruction
 Invasive species
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
 Environmental Health
 Air quality
 Asthma
 Birth defect
 Developmental disability
 Endocrine disruptors
 Environmental impact of the coal industry
 Electromagnetic radiation and health
 Lead poisoning
 Leukemia
 Nature deficit disorder
 One Health
 Sick Building Syndrome
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Pollution
Air pollution
 Major Pollutants: Sulfur oxides (SOx), Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Carbon
monoxide (CO), Volatile organic compounds (VOC), Particulate Matter (PM),
Toxic metals such as Lead/Mercury, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Ammonia
(NH3), Odours — such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes,
Radioactive pollutant, Ground level ozone (O3) etc.
Water Pollution
Point Sources: Contaminants that enter a waterway from a single,
identifiable source, such as a pipe or ditch. Examples of sources in this
category include discharges from a sewage treatment plant, a factory, or a
city storm drain.
Non Point Sources: Refers to diffuse contamination that does not originate
from a single discrete source. A common example is the leaching out of
nitrogen compounds from fertilized agricultural lands. Nutrient runoff in storm
water from "sheet flow" over an agricultural field or a forest are also cited as
examples of NPS pollution.
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

 Soil pollution
Soil pollution can be caused by the following -
*Accidental Spills *Acid rain (Which is caused by air pollution) *Intensive
farming *Deforestation*Genetically modified plants *Nuclear wastes
*Industrial Accidents *Landfill and illegal dumping *Land Erosion
*Agricultural practices, such as application of pesticides, herbicides and
fertilizers *Mining and other industries *Oil and fuel dumping *Buried
wastes *Disposal of coal ash *Disposal of ammunitions and agents of war
*Drainage of contaminated surface water into the soil *Electronic waste.

 Noise pollution- Disturbing or excessive noise that may harm the

activity or balance of human or animal life.
 Light Pollution- Also known as photopollution or luminous pollution, is
excessive, misdirected, or obtrusive artificial light. EFFECTS of GLOBAL
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES.. Pollution
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Resource Depletion
Exploitation of natural resources, Overdrafting (groundwater),
Overexploitation
O Consumerism — Consumer capitalism • Planned obsolescence •
Over- consumption
o Fishing — Blast fishing • Bottom trawling • Cyanide fishing •
Ghost nets • Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing •
Overfishing • Shark finning • Whaling
o Logging — Clearcutting • Deforestation • Illegal logging
o Mining — Acid mine drainage • Environmental impact of
hydraulic fracturing • Mountaintop removal mining • Slurry
impoundments
o Water (depletion) — Anoxic waters • Aral Sea • California Water
Wars • Dead Sea • Lake Chad • Water scarcity.
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
 Waste
o Electronic waste
o Great Pacific Garbage Patch
o Illegal dumping
o Incineration
o Litter
o Waste disposal incidents
o Marine debris
o Medical waste
o Landfill
o Leachate
o Toxic waste
o Environmental impact of the coal industry
o Exporting of hazardous waste
 Common Remedial of Pollution-

• More and more land should be brought under

farming.
• Trees should be planted almost everywhere.
• Waste matter should be disposed immediately.
• Avoid drilling the Land for more underground water.
• Avoid using more fertilizers and Pesticides.
• Integrated Solid Waste Management.
• Good agricultural practices.
• Remediation of polluted soils.
• Prevention of erosion and silting.
• Containment of hazardous waste and waste water
treatment using land treatment techniques.