Principles of 2G mobile
communications
Zhir Nabaz
Shaida Yasin
Tazhan Mohammad
Mohammad Namiq
History and Evolution of 2G
• 1G was first launched by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone in 1979.
• By 1984, 1G covered all Japan.
• The second generation of mobile networks appeared under the GSM(Global
System for Mobile communications) standard in 1991 in Finland Radiolinja.
Application of 2G network
• SMS
• Picture Messages
• Multimedia Messaging
• Machine-to-Machine Communication
2G Architecture:
FDMA, CDMA, TDMA
▪ FDMA enables the calls to use different frequency by
splitting it into small cells. Each call uses different frequency.
▪ TDMA It compresses the data into small packets and sends
it to a separate frequency columns.
▪ CDMA compresses the digital information and use less space
leaving for the other users
GPRS General Packet Radio Services
• GPRS is a best-effort packet-switching protocol for wireless and cellular network
communication services, also called 2.5G.
• The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardized GPRS in early 1998 .
• GPRS is based on internet Protocols (IP) and enables users to utilize a wide range of
applications - email and internet and/or intranet resources for instance. With
throughput rates of up to 40 Kbit/s (Theoretical Maximum of 171 Kbps) .
EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
a) This is a technology for data transmission. It works on existing GSM
networks. It is an extension of GPRS and allows for speeds up to
384 Kbps (theoretical), 80 - 100 Kbps (closer to reality).
b) EDGE was another step towards 3G.
c) EDGE meets the requirements for a 3G network but is usually
classified as 2.75G.
Is 2G still used?
Many mobile network operators(MNO’S) are gradually phasing
out their 2G networks in favor of newer and more advanced
technologies such as 4G and 5G, which offer faster data transfer
rates and support for a wider range of applications and services.
All operators have agreed with the government to switch off 2G and 3G by 2033.
Why is 2G declining?
• Lacks capacity
• Limited roaming
• Unable to handle complex data such as Videos.
• Requires strong digital signals.
• If digital signals are weak then there is no network coverage in that specific area.
• Most 2G networks based onGSMuse 850–1800 MHz or 900–1900 MHz bands. More
advanced cellular technologies could use these same bands to provide higher data throughput
