Integration and Its Applications
Class 12 Mathematics Project
What is Integration?
• • Integration is a fundamental concept in
calculus used to find areas, volumes, central
points, and other quantities.
• • It is the reverse process of differentiation.
• • Denoted by the integral sign ∫.
• • Two main types:
• - Definite Integrals: Represent the area under
a curve within a specific range.
• - Indefinite Integrals: Represent a family of
functions and include an arbitrary constant C.
Fundamental Integration Rules
• • ∫ x^n dx = (x^(n+1))/(n+1) + C, n ≠ -1
• • ∫ e^x dx = e^x + C
• • ∫ sin x dx = -cos x + C
• • ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C
• • ∫ 1/x dx = ln|x| + C
Techniques of Integration
• • Substitution Method
• • Integration by Parts: ∫ u dv = uv - ∫ v du
• • Partial Fractions
• • Trigonometric Substitution
Applications in Real Life
• • Area Under Curves: Used in physics,
engineering, and economics.
• • Volume of Solids of Revolution: Disk/Washer
and Shell methods.
• • Physics: Work done by variable forces,
center of mass, electric charge distribution.
• • Economics: Consumer and producer surplus.
• • Biology: Population growth models.
Summary
• • Integration is a versatile tool for solving real-
world problems.
• • Applications span physics, economics,
biology, and engineering.
• • Mastery of integration techniques enables
deeper mathematical understanding and
problem-solving.
