GOOD
MORNING
ELEMENTS OF
LITERATURE
1. CHARACTERS
They are the person, animal being,
creature, or thing in a story.
Writers use characters to perform
the actions and speak dialogue,
moving the story along a plot line.
TYPES OF
CHARACTERS
PROTAGONIST
They are often called the “main
character”, they are the central of
the story. They face the primary
conflict and undergo significant
growth or change.
EXAMPLE:
ANTAGONIST
The antagonist opposes the
protagonist, creating the main
source of conflict. This character
can be a person, a group, or even
a force [like nature or society].
They challenge the protagonist,
driving the story’s tension.
EXAMPLE:
SUPPORTING CHARACTERS
These are secondary characters
who interact with the protagonist
and help develop the story. They
can be friends, family, or
colleagues, and they often provide
emotional support, motivation, or
guidance.
EXAMPLE:
FOIL CHARACTER
A foil character contrasts with the
protagonist to highlight particular
qualities or flaws. By being
different, they help readers see
key traits in the main character
more clearly.
EXAMPLE:
DYNAMIC CHARACTER
Dynamic characters undergo
significant change throughout the
story, often due to the events they
experience. Their growth or
transformation is central to the
story’s theme.
EXAMPLE:
STATIC CHARACTER
Unlike dynamic characters,
static characters remain the
same throughout the story.
Their personality, attitude, and
behavior don’t change, serving
as stable presence or
supporting role.
EXAMPLE:
2. PLOT
The plot of a story refers to
the
sequence of events and
actions
that take place, shaping the
narrative's structure.
FREYTAG’S PYRAMID
Freytag's Pyramid
was invented by
Gustav Freytag in
the
mid-19th century.
FREYTAG’S PYRAMID
EXPOSITION
Exposition is the initial part of
a
story where key background
information is provided. It
introduces the main
characters, the
setting, and establishes the
RISING ACTION
The rising action is the part of
a
story where the main conflict
is
introduced and the tension
begins
CLIMAX
It refers to the most intense
and
exciting part of the narrative,
where the main conflict
reaches its
peak.
FALLING ACTION
It is where the main conflict
begins to resolve. This section
shows the
consequences of the climax
and how the characters
respond to the events that
DENOUEMENT
The denouement is the final
part of
a story where the plot strands
are
tied together and any
remaining
conflicts are resolved. It occurs
3. SETTING
It refers to the time and place in
which the story takes place. The
place of a setting can be a real
location or a fantasy made up
location. The time of the setting
can be the past, present, or future.
TIME
The time period in which the story
is set, which could be a specific
year, era, or season. It affects the
story by providing historical or
cultural context, influencing the
characters’ behaviors, attitude,
and conflicts.
EXAMPLE:
PLACE
This can be any physical location,
such as a specific city, country,
building, or even a fictional world.
The place shapes how characters
interact and respond to their
environment.
EXAMPLE:
4. THEME
In literature, the theme of a story
is its underlying message or the
main idea that the author wants to
convey.
EXAMPLE:
“Honesty is the best policy.”
5. POINT OF VIEW
It refers to the perspective from
which the narrative is told. It
determines whose eyes the reader
experiences the story through.
TYPES OF POINT
OF POINT OF
VIEW
FIRST PERSON POINT OF VIEW
The narrator is a person or
character in the story, telling the
story from their own point of view.
The narration utilizes the pronoun I
or we.
EXAMPLE:
I couldn’t believe I had been
rejected from my first choice
university. My mom would be
devastated if she finds out about
this.
SECOND PERSON POINT OF VIEW
The reader is part of the story. The
narrator describes the reader’s
actions, thoughts, and background
using ”you”.
EXAMPLE:
You feel your heart race, and the
surrounding going slow as the
handsome guy with messy hair
and cold stare is walking towards
you.
THIRD PERSON POINT OF VIEW
The narrator exists outside the
events of the story, and relates the
actions of the characters by
referring to their names or by the
third person pronouns he, she, or
they.
EXAMPLE:
Laudemere was a great student
and a very good leader in class, he
worked tirelessly to finish their
project given on time.
CONFLICT
It is the central problem or
challenge that the characters must
face and overcome. Conflict makes
the drama more engaging for the
readers.
TYPES OF
CONFLICT
MAN VS. MAN
In this type of conflict, the
character faces opposition from
another character. This conflict
drives the narrative forward and
creates tension.
EXAMPLE:
MAN VS. SELF
It is a type of conflict where a
character grapples with their own
emotions, beliefs, desires, or moral
dilemmas. This often drives the
plotforward by revealing the
character's inner struggles.
EXAMPLE:
MAN VS. SUPERNATURAL
It is a type of conflict where a
character faces challenges or
struggles against supernatural
forces or entities. This conflict can
involve mythical beings, ghost,
dieties etc.
EXAMPLE:
MAN VS. NATURE
It is a type of conflict where a
character struggles against
natural forces or the environment.
This conflict highlights the
relationship between humans and
the natural world.
EXAMPLE:
