LIGHT- UNITS AND SYMBOLS
Term Designation Unit Formula
Luminous Flux Ø Lumen -----
(The light-output from a source) (lm)
Luminous Intensity l Candela l=Ø/Ѡ
(The light-out put (Cd)
In a particular direction)
Illuminance E Lux (lx) E=Ø/A
(The light received by a surface is E of
that surface)
Luminance L Cd/m² L=I/A
(The light received by the eye from a
surface is the L of that surface also called
Light Density)
The area seen by eye is the apparent area AREA A
M²
FOUR CONCEPTS OF LIGHTTING
ANALYSIS OF
FTL-T12-38MM-40W VST5-16MM-28W
Sl. parameter T5 T12
no
1 Striking voltage 117.7 180
Current 0.93 0.172
True power-vacosØ 10.08 23.5
Reactive power –var 4.317 20.5
Apparent power-VA 10.96 31.5
Power factor 0.921 0.75
Frequency-C/S 49.74 49.62
Lux 43 46
Harmonics content at 50c/s 53.87%/0.02v 82.09%/181v
Harmonics content at 100c/s 0 %/0.02v 0 %/0.02v
Harmonics content at 150c/s 0.73%/1.61v 1.22%/2.62v
Harmonics content at 200c/s 0 %/0.02v 0%/0.02v
Harmonics content at 250c/s 0.52%/1.21v 0.77%/1.67v
ANALYSIS OF
FTL-T12-38MM-40W VST5-16MM-28W
Sl. parameter T5 T12
no
2 voltage 180 180
Current 0.164 0.172
True power-vacosØ 27.17 23.5
Reactive power –var 11.31 20.5
Apparent power-VA 29.34 31.5
Power factor 0.924 0.75
Frequency-C/S 49.56 49.62
Lux 113 46
Harmonics content at 50c/s 82.04%/180v 82.09%/181v
Harmonics content at 100c/s 0.02 %/0.06v 0 %/0.02v
Harmonics content at 150c/s 1.16%/2.56v 1.22%/2.62v
Harmonics content at 200c/s 0.03 %/0.06v 0%/0.02v
Harmonics content at 250c/s 0.89%/2.01v 0.77%/1.67v
ANALYSIS OF
FTL-T12-38MM-40W VST5-16MM-28W
Sl. parameter T5 T12
no
3 voltage 230 230
Current 0.112 0.34
True power-vacosØ 25.59 44.72
Reactive power –var 2.628 64.75
Apparent power-VA 25.73 78.85
Power factor 0.995 0.562
Frequency-C/S 49.71 49.56
Lux 114 76
Harmonics content at 50c/s 104.80%/231 104.70%/230v
Harmonics content at 100c/s 0.03%/0.0v 0 %/0.10v
Harmonics content at 150c/s 1.99%/4.41v 1.91%/4.23v
Harmonics content at 200c/s 0.01 %/0.02v 0%/0.02v
Harmonics content at 250c/s 0.66%%/1.47v 0.67%/1.53v
ANALYSIS OF
FTL-T12-38MM-40W VST5-16MM-28W
Sl. parameter T5 T12
no
4 voltage 250 250
Current 0.102 0.419
True power-va cosØ 25.23 53.74
Reactive power –var 3.362 90.48
Apparent power-VA 25.44 105.00
Power factor 0.991 0.510
Frequency-C/S 49.76 49.51
Lux 111 84
Harmonics content at 50c/s 113.6%/250.1V 113.8%/251.9v
Harmonics content at 100c/s 0.03%/0.06v 0.04 %/0.10v
Harmonics content at 150c/s 2.42%/5.40v 2.64%/5.78v
Harmonics content at 200c/s 0.00 %/0.02v 0.04%/0.02v
Harmonics content at 250c/s 0.60%%/1.35v 0.70%/1.65v
Light
In this unit:
1) Properties of light
2) Reflection
3) Colours
4) Refraction
Properties of Light
Light travels in straight lines:
Laser
Light travels VERY FAST – around
300,000 kilometres per second.
At this speed it can
go around the world
8 times in one
second.
Light travels much faster than sound. For
example:
1) Thunder and
lightning start at the
same time, but we
will see the lightning
first.
2) When a starting pistol
is fired we see the
smoke first and then
hear the bang.
We see things because they
reflect light into our eyes:
Homework
Luminous and non-luminous objects
A luminous object is one that produces light.
A non-luminous object is one that reflects
light.
Luminous objects Reflectors
Shadows
Shadows are places where light is “blocked”:
Rays of
light
Properties of Light
summary
1) Light travels in straight lines
2) Light travels much faster than sound
3) We see things because they reflect
light into our eyes
4) Shadows are formed when light is
blocked by an object
Reflection
Reflection from a mirror:
Normal
Incident ray Reflected ray
Angle of Angle of
incidence reflection
Mirror
The Law of Reflection
Angle of incidence = Angle of
reflection
In other words, light gets reflected from a surface at
____ _____ angle it hits it.
The
same !
!!
Clear vs. Diffuse Reflection
Smooth, shiny surfaces
have a clear
reflection:
Rough, dull surfaces
have a diffuse
reflection.
Diffuse reflection is
when light is scattered
in different directions
Using mirrors
Two examples:
2) A car
headlight
1) A periscope
Colour
White light is not a single colour; it is
made up of a mixture of the seven
colours of the rainbow.
We can demonstrate this
by splitting white light
with a prism:
This is how rainbows are
formed: sunlight is “split
up” by raindrops.
The colours of the rainbow:
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Indigo
Violet
Adding colours
White light can be split up to make separate
colours. These colours can be added together
again.
The primary colours of light are red, blue and
green:
Adding blue and Adding blue and
red makes green makes cyan
magenta (purple) (light blue)
Adding red Adding all
and green three makes
makes yellow white again
Seeing colour
The colour an object appears depends on the
colours of light it reflects.
For example, a red book only reflects red light:
White Only red
light light is
reflected
A pair of purple trousers would reflect purple light
(and red and blue, as purple is made up of red and
blue):
Purple light
A white hat would reflect all seven colours:
White
light
Using coloured light
If we look at a coloured object in coloured
light we see something different. For
example, consider a football kit:
Shirt looks red
White
light
Shorts look blue
In different colours of light this kit would look different:
Red
Shirt looks red
light
Shorts look
black
Shirt looks
Blue black
light
Shorts look
blue
Some further examples:
Colour object
Object Colour of light
seems to be
Red Red
Red socks Blue Black
Green Black
Red Black
Blue teddy Blue
Green
Red
Green camel Blue
Green
Red
Magenta
Blue
book
Green
Using filters
Filters can be used to “block” out different colours of
light:
Red
Filte
r
Magen
ta
Filter
Investigating filters
Colour of filter Colours that could be
“seen”
Red
Green
Blue
Cyan
Magenta
Yellow
Red Blue Green White
Yellow Cyan Magen
ta
Refraction
Refraction is when waves speed up or slow down
due to travelling in a different MEDIA. A medium is
something that waves will travel through. When a
pen is placed in water it looks like this:
In this case the light rays are slowed down by the
water and are bent, causing the pen to look odd.
The two mediums in this example are water and air .
