GRAVITATION

Chapter 7
 Content
• History of Planetary models.
• Kepler’s Laws
• Universal law of gravitation
• The gravitational constant.
• Acceleration due to the earth’s gravity below and above the surface.
• Gravitational Potential Energy
• Escape speed
• Earth satellite.
• Energy of an orbiting satellite.
 History of Planetary Models
SL. Name Century Country Planetary Model Proposed
No.
1. Claudius 2 Egypt Geocentric Model.
Ptolemy
2. Aryabhatta 5 India Heliocentric Model and Geocentric
Model
3 Nicholas 16 Poland Heliocentric Model
Copernicus
4 Tycho Brahe 16 Denmar Geo-heliocentric Model
k
5 Johannes 16 Denmar Modify Geo-heliocentric model. Gave 3
Kepler k planetary laws.
 Johannes Kepler’s Planetary Laws
1st Law/Law of Orbits

• Statement: “ All planets move in elliptical orbits with

the sun situated at one of the foci of the ellipse.”
1.) 2a: Major axis, a: Semi-major axis.
2.) 2b: Minor axis, b: Semi-minor axis.
3.) A: Aphelion P: Perihelion.
Johannes Kepler’s Planetary Laws
2cd Law/ Law of Areas

• Statement: “The line that

Pjoins
 any planet to the sun
sweeps an equal areas in
equal interval
P
of time.”
• Planet in P position at time
t.
• Planet at position at time .
• (time interval)
• F is the central force.
 Johannes Kepler’s Planetary Laws
2cd Law/ Law of Areas

  
r1 r2 r
In OPP,
1
A  (base)(height)
2
1 
A  (r ) (vt )
2
Johannes Kepler’s Planetary Laws
2cd Law/ Law of Areas
• Multiply and divide by mass of
planet m.
1  
A  ( r mv t )
2m
A 1  
 ( r p )
t 2m

A L

t 2m
Johannes Kepler’s Planetary Laws
3rdLaw/ Law of Periods
• Statement: “The square
of time period of
revolution of a planet is
proportional to the cube
of the semimajor axis of
the ellipse traced out by
the planet.”
T a
2 3
 Universal law of gravitation
Centripetal Acceleration,

8
𝑅𝑚=3.84×10 𝑚
 Universal law of gravitation

m1m2
F G
r2

 m1m2
F  G  3
rˆ
r

Point mass objects:

Objects sizes< distance
between them.     
r r2  r1 F12  F21
Universal law of gravitation
Universal law of gravitation
Special Cases
The Gravitational Constant G
Cavendish’s Experiment

The bar has two small

spheres of Pb attached. Two
big spheres are placed
opposite of the small ones.

The bar expirences a torque

 ‘g’ of earth
• Earth is sphere made of concentric
spherical shells.
• Point outside earth is outside the shells.
Thus, all the shells exert a gravitational
force at the point outside the shells.
• The total mass of all the shells combined
is the mass of the earth. Hence, at a point
outside the earth, the gravitational force
is as if its entire mass of the earth is
concentrated at its centre.
 ‘g’ of earth
• For a point inside the
earth,
The point object “mine” has mass m,
situated at distance d from earth’s
surface. A spherical shell of mass Mr, r
is distance.
• The force on the mass m at P has a
magnitude,

3M E

4 ( RE )3
• Mr =
 ‘g’ of the earth

Gravitational force for mine inside the earth’s

surface,
m 4r 3 
F G
3r 2
m 4r 3 3M E
F G 
3r 2 4 ( RE ) 3
mM E r
F G
( RE ) 3
 ‘g’ of the earth
• Gravitational force for mine on the earth’s surface,
r  RE
mM E
F G
( RE ) 2
F
g
m
GM E
g
( RE ) 2
 ‘g’ above the earth’s surface
Object of point mass m kept at height h from earth’s
m
is, .
surface. Total distance from earth’s center to object

F(h) is force on point mass,

 ‘g’ above the earth’s surface
• (Binomial expression)
Here, is x and n=-2.
 ‘g’ below the earth’s surface
Consider point mass m at distance d below
earth’s surface.

Earth has sphere of radius and thickness d.

Distance from center of earth is .

Point mass is just outside sphere.

. If Ms is the mass of the smaller sphere, then,

mM S
FS G
( RE  d ) 2
mM E GM E m( RE  d )
FE G F (d ) 
( RE ) 2 ( RE )3
 ‘g’ below the earth’s surface

Conclution:
“The acceleration due to earth’s gravity is maximum on its
surface and decreasing whether you go up or down.”
 Gravitational potential energy
• The potential energy of body because of gravitational
force is called as gravitational potential energy.
• Work done = Change in Gravitational potential Energy.
• 3 cases:
1. Work done on surface of the earth.
2. Work done at height h from earth’s surface.
3. Work done in lifting point mass at certain height above
earth’s surface.
 Work done on surface of earth

• Since h=0 and no change in position of object,

mg

Earth
 Work done at height
• Object of mass m at height h from earth’s surface:

• Change in position of object.

ℎ 2 −ℎ 1 ℎ2 m
h
g
ℎ1

• : Work done from to. Earth

Earth
 Work done at UNKNOWN height
• Consider point mass object m at certain distance r from
earth’s surface. 𝑟2
• mg is not constant.
• But we know that, 𝑟1
• If object is raised from to position then,
(Mass of the
Earth) Eart
h
 Work done at UNKNOWN height
1 1
W12  GmM E (  )
r2 r1
W12 W (r2 )  W (r1 )

Put in above equation

1 1
W12  GmM E (  )
r 
GmM E
W12 
r
 W1
(𝑊 ¿¿1=0)¿
 Escape speed/Escape velocity
• The minimum amount of velocity or speed required
by an object to cross the earth’s gravitational force
into the space is called as escape velocity/escape
speed.
• To calculate escape speed we will use principle of
conservation of energy.
 Escape speed/Escape velocity
• Consider a rocket of mass m travelling initially with
velocity at height h from earth surface having
radius. Gravitational potential energy acts on it.
• Initial total energy on rocket,

• Rocket has final velocity and travels at infinity.

• Final total energy on tocket,
 Escape speed/Escape velocity
• By conservation of energy,

E (h  RE ) E ()
1 2 GmM E 1
mVi   W1  mV f2  W1
2 ( h  RE ) 2
1 GmM E 1
mVi 2   mV f2
2 ( h  RE ) 2
 Escape speed/Escape velocity
• Condition for object to be at infinity position:

• Minimum velocity with which the rocket is at

infinity position is

• If h=0 then,
2.3km/s < 11.2km/s
 Earth Satellites
• Kepler’s laws are valid for natural as well as artificial
satellites around the earth.
• Oribts of the satellites are circular or elliptical.
• Derive the expression for the velocity of the satellite
and time period T required by satellite to revolve
around the earth.
 Earth Satellites
• Consider a satellite of
mass m travelling
m
distance h above earth’s
surface having radius h
with velocity v.
𝑅𝐸
• It experiences
centripital force,

provided by
gravitational force
 Earth Satellites

FCentripita l Fgravitatio n
mv2 GmM E

( RE  h) ( RE  h) 2
GM E
v
( RE  h)
GM E
v
( RE )
If h=0
v  gRE
then,
 Earth Satellites
2r
• For circular motion,
T
v
2 (h  RE )
T
GM E
(h  RE )
3
2 (h  RE ) 2
T
GM E

• Squaring both sides,

T 
4
2
2
( h  RE ) 3
GM E
T 2 (h  RE ) 3 Kepler’s law of
period
 Energy of an Orbiting Satellite
• We know that
v
GM E
( RE  h )

1
K .E  mv2
2
1 GM E GmM E GmM E
K .E  m E 
2 ( RE  h ) 2( RE  h) ( RE  h)
GmM E GmM E
K .E 
2 ( RE  h ) E 
2( RE  h)