1
Microcontroller Unit (MCU) &
Microprocessor Unit (MPU) System
Basics
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/25
Microcontrollers
2
Embedded Systems
An embedded system is a combination of HW and SW
specifically designed to perform dedicated functions.
In some cases, embedded systems are part of a larger
system or product, as in the case of cooling system
controls in a car.
Microcontroller Unit (MCU)
An integrated electronic computing device that includes
the following three components on a single chip
Microprocessor (MPU)
Memory
I/O (Input/Output) ports
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/25
Microcontrollers
3
Support Devices
Timers
A/D converter
Serial I/O
Common communication lines
System Bus
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/25
Block Diagram
4
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/25
Microprocessor (MPU)
5
MPU
Read instructions
Process binary data
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/25
Memory
6
Storage Device
Addresses
Registers
Major Categories
Read/Write Memory
(R/W)
Read-only-Memory
(ROM)
D7 D0
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/25
Input/Output Devices
7
Input Devices
Switches and Keypads
Provide binary information to the MPU
Output devices
LEDs and LCDs
Receive binary information from the MPU
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/25
Microprocessor Controlled System
Layout
8
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/25
Cont.
9
The MPU communicates with Memory and
I/O devices using the System Bus
Address bus
Unidirectional
Memory and I/O Addresses
Data bus
Bidirectional
Transfers Binary Data and Instructions
Control lines
Read and Write timing signals
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/25
Example
10
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/25
Example(detailed)
11
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/25
Software
12
Machine Language
Binary Instructions
Difficult to decipher and write
Error-prone(possible to replace a 0 with 1 by mistake)
All programs converted into machine language for
execution
Instruction Hex Mnemonic Description Processor
1000000 80 ADD B Add reg B to Acc Intel 8085
0
0010100 28 ADD A, Add Reg R0 to Intel 8051
0 R0 Acc
0001101 1B ABA Add Acc A and B Motorola
1 6811
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/25
Cont.
13
Characteristics of Assembly Language
Machine instructions represented in mnemonics
One-to-one correspondence
Efficient execution and use of memory
Machine-specific
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/25
Cont.
14
Characteristics of High-Level Languages
BASIC, C, and C++
Written in statements of spoken languages
Machine independent
Easy to write and troubleshoot
Larger memory and less efficient execution
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/25
Data Format using
15 8-bits (review)
Unsigned Integers
All eight bits represent the magnitude of a number
Bit7 to Bit0
Range 00H to FFH (010 to 25510)
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/25
Cont.
16
Signed Integers
2's Complement
Bit 7 is sign bit
Positive numbers: 00H to 7FH (010 to 12710)
Negative numbers: 80H to FFH (-110 to -12810)
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/25
Cont.
17
Binary Coded Decimal Numbers (BCD)
8 bits of a number divided into groups of four
Each group represents a decimal digit from 0 to 9
AH through FH are invalid
Example: 0010 0101BCD = 2510
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/25
Cont.
18
American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII)
Seven-bit alphanumeric code with 128 combinations
(00H to 7FH)
Represents English alphabet, decimal digits from 0 to
9, symbols, and commands
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/25
19
System hardware
Discrete components
Microprocessor, Memory, and I/O
Components connected by buses
Address, Data, and Control
System software
A group of programs that monitors the function of
different units in an entire system
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/25
MPU-Based Time
and Temperature
20
System
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/25
MCU-Based Systems(Applications)
21
Includes microprocessor, memory, I/O ports,
and support devices (such as timers) on a
single semiconductor chip
Buses are generally not available to a system
designer
I/O ports are generally multiplexed and can
be programmed to perform different
functions
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/25
MCU-Based Time
and Temperature
22
System
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/25
