PHARMACEUTICAL

SUSPENSIONS

By
IMRAN TARIQ
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB

SUSPENSIONS
 CONTENTS
Definition.

Classification.

Advantages & disadvantages.

Applications.
Theoretic consideration of suspensions.
•Sedimentation
•Brownian movement
•Electrokinetic properties

SUSPENSIONS
 Formulation of suspensions

Packing of suspensions

Storage requirement & labelling

Evaluation of suspension

Dissolution study of suspensions

Innovation of suspensions

3 SUSPENSIONS
WHAT ARE SUSPENSIONS

WHY WE ARE USING

SUSPENSIONS?

4 SUSPENSIONS
 DISPERSE SYSTEM

The term "Disperse System" refers to a system in which one

substance (The Dispersed Phase) is distributed, in discrete
units, throughout a second substance (the continuous
Phase ).

Each phase can exist in solid, liquid, or gaseous state .

Suspensions are heterogenous system consisting of 2 phases.

5 SUSPENSIONS
 A solid in liquid dispersion in which the particles are
of colloidal size.

DISPERSE SYSTEM

DISPERSED MEDIUM DISPERSED PHASE

oAqueous oily liquid oInsoluble solid

6 SUSPENSIONS
 Definition

 A Pharmaceutical suspension is a coarse dispersion in which internal

phase (therapeutically active ingredient)is dispersed uniformly
throughout the external phase.

7 SUSPENSIONS
 The internal phase consisting of insoluble solid particles

having a range of size(0.5 to 5 microns) which is

maintained uniformly through out the suspending vehicle

with aid of single or combination of suspending agent.

 The external phase (suspending medium) is generally

aqueous in some instance, may be an organic or oily
liquid for non oral use.

8 SUSPENSIONS
The reasons for the formulation of a pharmaceutical
suspension:

-- when the drug is insoluble in the delivery vehicle.

–To mask the bitter taste of the drug.

–To increase drug stability.

–To achieve controlled/sustained drug release.

9 SUSPENSIONS
 SOME MARKETED
SOME PHARMACEUTICAL SUSPENSIONS
SUSPENSIONS

1. Antacid oral suspensions

2. Antibacterial oral suspension
3. Dry powders for oral suspension
(antibiotic)
4. Analgesic oral suspension
5. Anthelmentic oral suspension
6. Anticonvulsant oral suspension
7. Antifungal oral suspension

10 SUSPENSIONS
 Classification
Based On General Classes
 Oral suspension
eg: Paracetamol suspension
antacids, Tetracycline HCl.

 Externally applied suspension

eg :Calamine lotion.

 Parenteral suspension
eg: Procaine penicillin G
Insulin Zinc Suspension
11 SUSPENSIONS
 Based on Proportion of Solid Particles
 Dilute suspension (2 to10%w/v solid)

Eg: cortisone acetate, predinisolone acetate

 Concentrated suspension (50%w/v solid)

Eg: zinc oxide suspension

12 SUSPENSIONS
Based on Electrokinetic Nature of Solid Particles

 Flocculated suspension

 Deflocculated suspension

13 SUSPENSIONS
Based on Size of Solid Particles

Colloidal suspensions (< 1 micron)

- Suspensions having particle sizes of suspended solid less than

about 1micron in size are called as colloidal suspensions.

14 SUSPENSIONS
 Coarse suspensions (>1 micron)
Suspensions having particle sizes of greater than about
1micron in diameter are called as coarse suspensions.

Coarse dispersion
Barium sulphate

Nano suspensions (10 ng)

 Suspensions are the biphasic colloidal dispersions of
nanosized drug particles stabilized by surfactants.
Size of the drug particles is less than 1mm.

15 SUSPENSIONS
Advantages And Disadvantages
Advantages
.Suspension can improve chemical stability of certain drug.
E.g. Procaine penicillin G.

Drug in suspension exhibits higher rate of bioavailability than other

dosage forms.

Solution > Suspension > Capsule > Compressed Tablet > Coated tablet

Duration and onset of action can be controlled.

E.g. Protamine Zinc-Insulin suspension.

Suspension can mask the unpleasant/ bitter taste of drug.

E.g. Chloramphenicol

16 SUSPENSIONS
 Disadvantages

 Physical stability , sedimentation and compaction can causes

problems.

 It is bulky sufficient care must be taken during handling and

transport.

 It is difficult to formulate.

 Uniform and accurate dose can not be achieved unless

suspension are packed in unit dosage form.

17 SUSPENSIONS
 Applications

 Suspension is usually applicable for drug which is insoluble

(or ) poorly soluble.
E.g. Prednisolone suspension

 To prevent degradation of drug or to improve stability of

drug.
E.g. Oxy tetracycline suspension

 To mask the taste of bitter of unpleasant drug.

E.g. Chloramphenicol palmitate suspension

 Suspension of drug can be formulated for topical application

18 e.g. Calamine lotion

SUSPENSIONS
 Suspension can be formulated for parentral application in order to
control rate of drug absorption. E.g. penicillin procaine

 Vaccines as a immunizing agent are often formulated as suspension.

E.g. Cholera vaccine

 X-ray contrast agent are also formulated as suspension .

eg: Barium sulphate for examination of alimentary tract.

19 SUSPENSIONS
 Features Desired In Pharmaceutical Suspensions
 The suspended particles should not settle rapidly and sediment
produced, must be easily re-suspended by the use of moderate
amount of shaking.

 It should be easy to pour yet not watery and no grittiness.

 It should have pleasing odour , colour and palatability.

 Good syringeability.

 It should be physically,chemically and microbiologically stable.

 Parenteral /Ophthalmic suspension should be sterilizable.

20 SUSPENSIONS
THEORITIC CONSIDERATION OF SUSPENSIONS

A knowledge of the theoretic considerations pertaining to

suspension s technology ultimately help formulator to select
ingredients that are

21 SUSPENSIONS
 Some theoretic considerations are :

 Particle size control.

 Wetting

 Sedimentation

 Brownian movement

 Electokinetic

SUSPENSIONS
 Aggregation
22
 Particle size control:
- Particle size of any suspension is critical and must
be reduced within the range .
-Too large or too small particles should be avoided.
Larger particles will:
 settle faster at the bottom of the container
 particles > 5 um impart a gritty texture to the product
and also cause irritation if injected or instilled to the eye
 particles > 25 um may block the needle

-Too fine particles will easily form hard cake at the bottom
of the container.

23 SUSPENSIONS
 Wetting of the particles
 Hydrophilic materials (talc, ZnO, Mg 2CO3) are easily

wetted by water while hydrophobic materials (sulphur , charcoal)

are not due to the layer of adsorbed air on the surface.

 Thus, the particles, even high density, float on the surface of the
liquid until the layer of air is displaced completely.

 The use of wetting agent allows removing this air from

the surface and to easy penetration of the vehicle into the pores.

 However hydrophobic materials are easily wetted by

non-polar liquids.
24 SUSPENSIONS
 THEORY OF SEDIMENTATION

SEDIMENTATION:

Sedimentation means settling of particle (or) floccules occur

under gravitational force in liquid dosage form.

25 SUSPENSIONS
2.1.

Velocity of sedimentation expressed by Stoke’s equation

Where,
d = Diameterof particle

r = radius of particle

vsed.= sedimentation velocity in cm / sec

ρ s= density of disperse phase

ρ o= density of disperse media

g = acceleration due to gravity

η o = viscosity of disperse medium in poise
26 SUSPENSIONS
 Limitation Of Stoke’s Equation .

Stoke's equation applies only to:

 Spherical particles in a very dilute suspension (0.5 to 2 gm per

100 ml)

 Particles which freely settle without collision .

 Particles with no physical or chemical attraction.

27 SUSPENSIONS
Sedimentation Parameters

Sedimentation volume (F) or height (H) for

flocculated suspensions:
Definition:
Sedimentation volume is a ratio of the ultimate volume of
sediment (Vu) to the original volume of sediment (VO)
before settling.
F = V u / VO
Where,
Vu = final or ultimate volume of sediment
VO = original volume of suspension before settling

28 SUSPENSIONS
 F has values ranging from less than one to greater than one.

When F < 1 Vu < Vo

When F =1 Vu = Vo

The system is in flocculated equilibrium and show no clear

supernatant on standing.

When F > 1 Vu > Vo

Sediment volume is greater than the original volume due
to the network of flocs formed in the suspension and so
loose and fluffy sediment

29 SUSPENSIONS
The sedimentation volume gives only a qualitative account of
flocculation.

Fig : Suspensions quantified by sedimentation volume (f)

30 SUSPENSIONS
 Degree of flocculation (β)
It is the ratio of the sedimentation volume of the
flocculated suspension ,F , to the sedimentation volume
of the deflocculated suspension, F∞

ß = F / F∞

(Vu/Vo) flocculated
ß = --------------------
(Vu/Vo) deflocculated
The minimum value of ß is 1,when flocculated suspension
sedimentation volume is equal to the sedimentation
volume of deflocculated suspension.
31 SUSPENSIONS
.

2.Brownian Movement (Drunken walk)

 Brownian movement of particle prevents sedimentation

by keeping the dispersed material in random motion.

 Brownian movement depends on the density of dispersed

phase and the density and viscosity of the disperse medium.

 The kinetic bombardment of the particles by the molecules of the

suspending medium will keep the particles suspending, provided
that
their size is below critical radius (r).

32 SUSPENSIONS
  Brownian movement can be observed,

 If particle size is about 2 to 5mm,

 When the density of particle & viscosity of medium are

favorable.

33 SUSPENSIONS
3.Electro kinetic Properties

Zeta Potential

The zeta potential is defined as the difference in potential between the

surface of the tightly bound layer (shear plane) and electro-neutral
region of the solution.

34 SUSPENSIONS
  As the potential drops off rapidly
b at first, followed more gradual
decrease as the distance from the surface increases.

 This is because the counter ions close to the surface acts as a

screen that reduce the electrostatic attraction between the
charged surface and those counter ions further away from the
surface.

35 SUSPENSIONS
 Zeta potential has practical application in stability of systems
containing dispersed particles .

 Since this potential, rather than the Nernst potential, governs the
degree of repulsion between the adjacent, similarly charged,
dispersed particles.

 If the zeta potential is reduced below a certain value , the attractive

forces exceed the repulsive forces, and the particles come together.

 This phenomenon is known as flocculation.

36 SUSPENSIONS
  The flocculated suspension is one in which zeta potential of
particle is -20 to +20 mV.

 Thus the phenomenon of flocculation and de flocculation

depends on zeta potential carried by particles.

37 SUSPENSIONS
Deflocculation and flocculation
Flocculated Suspensions
 In flocculated suspension, formed flocs (loose aggregates) will cause
increase in sedimentation rate due to increase in size of sedimenting
particles.

 Hence, flocculated suspensions sediment more rapidly.

Here, the sedimentation depends not only on the size of the flocs but
also on the porosity of flocs.

38 SUSPENSIONS
 Deflocculated suspensions

In deflocculated suspension, individual particles are

settling.

 Rate of sedimentation is slow , which prevents

entrapping of liquid medium which makes it difficult to
re-disperse by agitation.

This phenomenon called ‘caking’ or ‘claying’.

 In deflocculated suspension larger particles settle fast

and smaller remain in supernatant liquid so supernatant
appears cloudy.

39 SUSPENSIONS
 INGREDIENTS FOR

FORMULATION OF SUSPENSIONS

40 SUSPENSIONS
.

Wetting agents They are added to disperse solids in

continuous liquid phase.
Flocculating They are added to floc the drug particles
agents
Thickeners They are added to increase the viscosity of
suspension.

Buffers They are added to stabilize the suspension to a

and pH adjusting agents desired pH range.

Osmotic They are added to adjust osmotic pressure

agents comparable to biological fluid.

Coloring They are added to impart desired color to

agents suspension and improve elegance.

Preservatives They are added to prevent microbial growth.

External They are added to construct structure of the

liquid vehicle final suspension.
41
SUSPENSIONS
 FORMULATION OF SUSPENSIONS
Following additives are used

I.FLOCCULATING AGENTS:
Reasons :in order to improve the dispersability of insoluble drug
particles by reducing the surface tension and minimizing the
flocculation
Examples: sodium lauryl sulphate, tweens,spans and carbowaxes

II.THICKENING AGENTS: (hydrophilic colloids)

Reasons :it forms collidal dispersions with water and increases the
viscosity of continuous phase .so that the solid drug particles
remain suspended in the continuous phase for sufficient long time
to measure a uniform accurate dose
Examples:
1.Polysaccharides:
a. natural :gum acacia,tracaganth, starch,sodium alginate
b. semisynthetic:MC,SCMC,MCC
2.Inorganic agents :clay , aluminium hydroxide
3.synthetic compounds : carbomer,colloidal silicon di oxide
III.WETTING AGENTS:
Reasons: It reduces the interfacial tension between the solid drug
particles and liquid medium by absorbing at the solid/liquid
interface in such a way that affinity of the drug particles for the
surrounding fluid is increased and the inter particular forces are
decreased, thus producing the suspension of required quality
Examples: alcohol in tragacanth mucilage,glycerin in sodium
alginate,bentonite dispersion and polysorbate

IV.PRESERVATIVES :
Reasons: to preserve the suspension against bacterial growth
Examples :benzoic acid ,sodium benzoate,methyl paraben,propyl
paraben

V.ORGANOLEPTIC ADDITIVES:
Reasons: to enhance the patients acceptability or mask the
unpleasant taste or appearance of the preparation
Coloring agents-saffron,cochineal red,caramel,coal tar dyes,FDC
red no:3
sweetening agents-sucrose,dextrose,liquid
glucose,sorbitol,simple syrup
flavoring agents-orange or gentian infusion,benzaldehyde ,
vanillin,peepermint , menthol,anise/dill/cinnamon waters
 PREPARATION OF SUSPENSIONS

44 SUSPENSIONS
 Small scale preparation of suspensions:

Step 1:

Suspensions are prepared by grinding (or) levigating the insoluble

materials in the mortar to a smooth paste with a vehicle containing

the

wetting agent.

45 SUSPENSIONS
 Step 2:
 All soluble ingredients are dissolved in same portion of the
vehicle and added to the smooth paste to step1 to get slurry.

Step 3:

The slurry is transformed to a graduated cylinder, the mortar is

rinsed with successive portion of the vehicle.

46 SUSPENSIONS
 Step 4:
Decide whether the solids are
Suspended in a vehicle
Flocculated
Flocculated and then suspended

Add the vehicle containing the suspending agent (or) flocculating agent

Step-5
Make up the dispersion to the final volume .

Thus suspension is prepared.

47 SUSPENSIONS
METHODS OF DISPENSING
SUSPENSIONS
1.Suspensions containing diffusible solids
2.Suspensions containing in diffusible solids
3.Suspensions containing precipitate forming
liquids
4.Suspensions produced by chemical
reactions
1.Suspensions containing diffusible solids
Contains insoluble drug particles which are light in weight and readily
mix with water and remain suspended throughout the liquid for
sufficient period of time after shaking
Example: calcium carbonate, magnesium trisilicate, rhubarb powder ,light kaolin
General method of dispensing

Powder all the solid ingredients and add enough vehicle to form a smooth
cream

Add more of vehicle to make it pourable

Remove if any foreign particle present by passing through muslin cloth

Rinse the mortar and pestle with successive volume of vehicle untill they are
quite clean
Add if any liquid ingredients
Add more of vehicle to adjust the final volume and mix thorughly by shaking the
 Contain substances which do not dissolve in water and do not remain evenly
2.Suspensions containing in diffusible solids

distributed in the vehicle for sufficient period of time

Example: calamine, zinc oxide ,hydro cortisone, aspirin,phenobarbitone
General method of dispensing

Powder and mix all the solid ingredients and add compound tragacanth powder

Measure ¾ th of the vehicle and triturate to form a smooth cream

Remove if any foreign particle present by passing through muslin cloth

Rinse the mortar and pestle with successive volume of vehicle until they are quite clean
Add if any liquid ingredients

Add more of vehicle to adjust the final volume

Example: Succinyl sulphathiazole mixture

4.Suspensions produced by chemical reactions

Some of the suspensions are prepared by the

chemical reactions between the ingredients
used in the formulations.

In this reactants are highly diluted and mixed

together to form very finely divided
precipitates that can be easily distributed
throughout the liquid by shaking.

The precipitate so formed are diffusible in

nature. Hence there is no need of adding
any suspending agent
Example:sulphurated potash and zinc sulphate
mixture
 Packaging of Suspensions

Introduction

 Pharmaceutical suspensions for oral use are generally packed

in wide mouth container having adequate space above the
liquid to ensure proper mixing.

 Parenteral suspensions are packed in either glass ampoules or

vials.

52 SUSPENSIONS
 Ideal Requirements of Packaging Material

 It should be inert.

 It should effectively preserve the product from light,

air, and other contamination through shelf life.

 It should be cheap.

 It should effectively deliver the product without any

difficulty.

53 SUSPENSIONS
 Materials Used For Packaging

Generally glass and various grades of plastics are used in

packaging of suspension.
Glass

Generally soda lime and borosilicate glass are used

in preparation of non sterile suspensions.

54 SUSPENSIONS
  Amber glass doesn’t allow U.V light to pass through.

 Amber characteristics can be developed in the

glass by addition of various types of additives.

Type of glass Additive giving amber

color
Soda lime FeO + sulfur (in
presence of reducing
agent)
Borosilicate FeO+TiO 2

55 SUSPENSIONS
 Disadvantages of Glass Materials:

They are fragile.

They are very heavy as compared to plastic so

handling and transport is difficult.

 Most important disadvantage of glass that

glass constituents get extracted into the product.

56 SUSPENSIONS
 Plastic
Due to the negative aspects of glass, plastic material
significantly use of plastic as packaging material for sterile as
well as non-sterile pharmaceutical suspension increased.

57 SUSPENSIONS
 Advantages Of Plastic Material:

•Non breakability.
•Light weight.
•Flexibility.

Materials used: -

Polyethylene, PVC, polystyrene, polycarbonate etc

58 SUSPENSIONS
 Closure And Liners

With an exception of ampoules all containers required

elastomeric closure.

closures

liners

59 SUSPENSIONS
 STORAGE REQUIREMENTS & LABELLING

Labelling:

Shake well before use

Do not freeze

Protect from direct light(for light sensitive drugs)

 In case of dry suspensions powder the specified amount of

vehicle to be mixed may indicated clearly on label.

60 SUSPENSIONS
 Label:

61 SUSPENSIONS
 STORAGE :

 Suspensions should be stored in cool place but should not be kept

in a refrigerator

 Freezing at very low temperatures should be avoided which may

lead to aggregation Of suspended particles

Stored at controlled temperature from 20-250c

62 SUSPENSIONS
 Sus pe ns i o ns
n o f
Evaluatio

63 SUSPENSIONS
 Evaluation of Suspensions

 Sedimentation method

 Rheological method

 Electro kinetic method

 Micromeritic method

64 SUSPENSIONS
 Sedimentation method :

Two parameters are studied for determination of

sedimentation.

1. Sedimentation volume,

2. Degree of flocculation.
,

65 SUSPENSIONS
Sedimentation volume

The suspension formulation (50 mL) was poured separately into

100 mL measuring cylinders and sedimentation volume was read
after 1, 2, 3 and 7 days, and thereafter at weekly intervals for 12 weeks.

 Triplicate results were obtained for each formulation.

Sedimentation volume was calculated according to the equation:

F = Vu/Vo
Where, F = sedimentation volume, Vu = ultimate height of sediment
and Vo = initial height of total suspension

66 SUSPENSIONS
 Rheological method

 It provide information about Settling behaviour .

The arrangement of the vehicle and the particle structural

features.

 Brookfield viscometer is used to study the viscosity of the

suspension .
 It is mounted on heli path stand and using T-bar spindle.

T-bar spindle is made to descend slowly into the suspension

and the dial reading on the viscometer is then a measure of the
resistance the spindle meets at various level.
67 SUSPENSIONS
  This technique also indicates at which level of the suspension
the structure is greater owing to particle agglomeration.

 The dial reading is plotted against the number of turns of the

spindle.

 The better suspension show a lesser rate of increase of dial

reading with spindle turns, i.e. the curve is horizontal for long
period.

68 SUSPENSIONS
 Electro kinetic method

 Measurement of Zeta-potential using Micro electrophoresis

apparatus & ZetaPlus (Brookhaven Instruments Corporation, USA)

It shows the stability of a disperse system.

Micro-Electrophoresis
Apparatus Mk I

ZetaPlus

69 SUSPENSIONS
Zeta potential

The zeta potential of the formulated suspensions was determined

using a ZetaPlus (Brookhaven Instruments Corporation, USA).

Approximately 1 mL of suspension was transferred into a plastic

cuvette using a pipette and diluted with distilled water.

 The Brookhaven zeta potential software was used for the

measurement .
Parameters set to a temperature of 250C and refractive index (1.33)

The zeta potential of the formulations was determined on day 0, 7,

14, 21 and day 28 post formulation.

70 SUSPENSIONS
 Micromeritic method :

The stability of suspension depends on the particle size of the

dispersed phase.

 Change in the particle size with reference to time will provide

useful information regarding the stability of a suspension.

A change in particle size distribution and crystal habit studied by

 microscopy

 coulter counter method

71 SUSPENSIONS
 PHOTOMICROSCOPIC TECHNIQUE

The microscope can be used estimate and detect changes in

particle size distribution and crystal form.

Rapid processing of photo micrographs is enhanced by attaching

Polaroid camera to the piece of monomolecular microscope

By using this photo micrographs we can

determine the changes in physical properties
and stability of suspensions.

72 SUSPENSIONS
 FREEZE- THAW TEST
 Freeze-Thaw test conducted by placing the sample in a freezer
for 18 hours followed by thawing at room temperature for 4 to
6 hours.

Repeat the Freeze-Thaw cycle for up to 10 times.

This test is conducted to determine the tendency to crystallize or cloud

Freeze-thaw testing freezer INNER CHAMBER

73 SUSPENSIONS
 pH MEASUREMENT

 The measurement and maintenance pH is also very important step in

the Quality control testing .

 Generally there are 2 different types of methods used in the

measurement of pH.

74 SUSPENSIONS
METHODS FOR pH MEASUREMENT:

 The simplest and cheapest is to dip a piece of pH paper into the

sample.

 The paper is impregnated with chemicals that change color and the
color may be compared to a chart supplied with the paper to give
the pH of the sample.

75 SUSPENSIONS
  If greater accuracy is required a pH meter should be
used.

 A typical pH meter consists of a special measuring glass

electrode connected to an electronic meter that measures and
displays the pH reading.

76 SUSPENSIONS
 VISUAL INSPECTION:
 With visual inspection, the ingredients and the final
products are carefully examined for purity and for
appearance .

 Physical appearance of products for patient adherence

and compliance is critical so it should be:
Good looking
Elegance in appearance .

77 SUSPENSIONS
 DISSOLUTION STUDY OF SUSPENSIONS

Introduction:

The drug release from suspensions is mainly through dissolution.

 Suspensions share many physico-chemical characteristics of

tablet & capsules with respect to the process of dissolution.

 As tablets & capsules disintegrate into powder and form

suspensions in the biological fluids.

 So dissolution is carried as follows

78 SUSPENSIONS
 Dissolution Testing

Official Method (Conventional Method):

 It is known as paddle method.

79 SUSPENSIONS
The apparatus consists of a cylindrical 1000- ml round bottom
flask in a multiple – spindle dissolution drive apparatus and
immersed in a controlled temp bath maintained

Dissolution profile of the 500 mg sample suspension is

 determined at 37°C in 900 ml of

 pH 7.2 phosphate buffer using

 the FDA paddle method at 25 RPM.

80 SUSPENSIONS
  The paddle should position to extend to exactly 2.5 cm
above the flask bottom.

 The suspension is to be introduced carefully into the

flask at the bottom using a 10- ml glass syringe with an
attachment 19-cm needle.

 Withdraw 5 ml of dissolution medium (and replace

with an equal volume of drug –free buffer) in a 5 ml glass
syringe.

 Immediately filter through a 0.2 µm membrane and

analyze.

81 SUSPENSIONS
 Innovations of
suspensions

82 SUSPENSIONS
 Innovations of suspensions

1. Nano suspensions

2. Taste masked pharmaceutical suspensions

3. Sustained release suspensions

83 SUSPENSIONS
 1. Nano suspensions:

 Nano suspensions are the biphasic colloidal dispersions of

nano sized drug particles stabilised by surfactants without
the matrix materials.

They can also be defined as a biphasic system consisting of

pure drug particles dispersed in an aqueous vehicle in which
the diameter of the suspended particle is less than 1 μm in
size.

84 SUSPENSIONS
 2.Taste Masked Pharmaceutical
Suspensions .

 Un-palatability due to bad taste is a major concern

in most of the dosage forms containing bitter drugs.

 In case of suspensions also taste masking is being applied

to
mask bitterness of drugs formulated.

85 SUSPENSIONS
 The taste masking approaches for suspensions are:

a. Polymer coating of drugs.

b. Encapsulation with basic drugs.

c. Polymer coating with basic substances.

d. Coating and pH control.

86 SUSPENSIONS
 Sustained Release Suspensions

 Sustained release is a method to increase only the duration of

action of drug being formulated without affecting onset of
action.

 In suspension sustained release affected by coating the drug to be

formulated as suspension by insoluble polymer coating.

 The polymer coating provides sustained release and also masks

the taste of the bitter drug.

87 SUSPENSIONS
  The polymer used for sustained release in suspension is
as follows as
 Ethyl cellulose,
Eudragit,
Cellulose acetate, etc.

 The main advantage of sustained release

suspension is decrease in dosing frequency.

88 SUSPENSIONS
89 SUSPENSIONS