MEKELLE UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF EIT-M
DEPARTMENT- COMPUTER SCIENCE
INDIVIDUAL- ASSIGNMENT OF OPERATING SYSTEM
course code-cosc3023
NAME :Guesh Berhe
Id number :Ugr/170051/12

Submitteded to instractor-Henok
Submitted date -3/07/2016 E.C
Mekelle
Booting Process In Operating System
Basically, booting is the process of turning on a computer.The memory
of the CPU is empty when it is first turned on. After loading the
operating system into the main memory and turning on the computer,
it is prepared to accept user commands. Know the different methods
of booting. The booting process is a fundamental aspect of operating
systems that initiates the startup sequence and prepares a computer
system for user interaction. When we power on our computers or
restart them, a series of events take place behind the scenes,
ultimately leading to the loading of the operating system and the
launch of applications.
What happens in the Process of Booting?
A computer’s operating system is launched during the booting process
when it is turned on. The initial collection of tasks that the computer
carries out when it is turned on is known as the boot sequence. Each
and every computer has a boot process.
Let’s discuss bootloader, boot device and boot sequence one by one.
1. Boot Loader: Only code stored in the system’s memory can be executed
by computers powered by the central processor unit. Nonvolatile memories
are used to store the code and data for modern operating systems and
application programmes. A computer must initially rely only on the code and
data stored in nonvolatile parts of the system’s memory when it is first
turned on. The hardware of the computer is unable to carry out numerous
complex system tasks since the operating system is not actually installed at
boot time.
The boot loader, sometimes known as a bootstrap loader, is the programme
that initiates the series of events that result in the loading of the full
operating system. The sole function of the boot loader is to load additional
programmes so that the operating system may launch.
2. Boot Devices: The device from which the operating system is loaded is
known as the boot device. The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) of a
contemporary PC supports booting from a variety of sources. These consist
of a USB device, network interface card, local hard drive, optical drive,
floppy drive, and a network card. A boot order can be set up by the user in
the BIOS. When the boot order is as follows:
The BIOS will first attempt to boot from the CD drive; if that
fails, it will then attempt to start from the hard drive; if that
fails, it will then attempt to boot via the network; and if all of
those attempts fail, it won’t attempt to boot at all.
3. Boot Sequence: Every personal computer uses the same
basic boot process. The CPU first executes a memory
instruction for the BIOS. The BIOS start-up program is
transferred via a jump instruction in that instruction. This
programme performs a power-on self-test (POST) to ensure
that the hardware the computer will use is in good working
order. When it comes across a bootable device, the BIOS
continues the programmed boot sequence. When BIOS
discovers a bootable device, it loads the boot sector and
switches control to it. It will be a master boot record (MBR) if
the boot device is a hard drive.
 Steps of Booting Process in Operating System
Here are the six steps that the OS boots through throughout the booting process.
Step 1 Power-on and System Initialization :
When the power button is pressed or the system is reset, the computer’s firmware
(BIOS or UEFI) is invoked. It performs a Power-On Self-Test (POST) to check
hardware components, including memory, storage devices, and peripherals. It then
initializes the system and identifies bootable devices.
Step 2 Bootloader Execution:
After the firmware completes the initial system checks, it searches for a bootable
device that
contains the bootloader. The bootloader is a small program responsible for loading
the operating system into memory. The firmware hands over control to the
bootloader, which is typically stored in the Master Boot Record (MBR) or EFI
System Partition (ESP).
step 3 Loading the Operating System Kernel:
The bootloader locates and loads the operating system kernel into memory. The
kernel is the core of the operating system that manages hardware, memory, and
other essential functions. The bootloader passes control to the kernel, and the
operating system begins its initialization.
step 4 System Initialization:
The kernel initializes the necessary system components, such as drivers,
memory management, file systems, and network interfaces. It sets up
the environment required for the operating system to function correctly.
Configuration files and system services are loaded, and the system
transitions from a basic state to a fully functional state.
Step 5 User Mode Initialization:
Once the kernel completes its initialization, it starts the user mode
initialization. User-specific settings, login prompts, and user
applications/services are loaded. The graphical user interface (GUI) or
command-line interface (CLI) is presented to the user, enabling
interaction with the operating system.
Step 6 System Operation:
After the booting process is complete, the operating system is ready for
use. The user can now run applications, access files, browse the
internet, and perform various tasks. The operating system manages
system resources, facilitates multitasking, and provides an interface for
user interaction. Examples of booting process
Dual Booting of Operating System
Dual booting is the process of installing and running two different operating
systems on a single computer system. It allows users to choose between the
installed operating systems when they start up their computer. Dual booting
is commonly used when individuals or organizations need to work with
multiple operating systems for various purposes.
How Does a System Boot?
When the power button is pressed, the entire system is powered up and
initialized. The CPU must carry out instructions after initialization. A small set
of instructions called the BIOS is being loaded from ROM. The BIOS locates
the bootable sequence from the CMOS when the Power-On Self-Test (POST)
is finished.
Based on the bootable sequence, it finds the first bootable device.
It loads instructions from the first bootable device’s Master Boot Record,
which is located in logical Sector 0.
This set of instructions contains information about the Boot Loader, which
can load the Operating System.
 This is an example of gif Booting System of Linux OS
https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progres
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%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01911933-5a25-4dba-a57c-d9bd65680d84_
1280x1664.gif

When we see this link of GIF, the sequence is:

•Powering on the computer
•Performing a Power On Self Test (POST) to check the hardware
components
•Loading the BIOS to access the boot device and settings
•Reading the Master Boot Record (MBR) to locate the operating
system
•Loading the operating system into the main memory

Second Example of GIF Booting System Windows :

https://youtu.be/h9oPFgQqUSc?si=d7v1SOpNPTHKsnz
1st -The start-up
2nd- Power On Self Test
3rd-Loading OS
4th-System Configuration