LIQUID CRYSTAL
DISPLAY(LCD)
M. SINDHU
24B81A62H5
CSC-C
INTRODUCTION
LIQUID CRYSTAL ARE A UNIQUE STATE OF MATTER BETWEEN
SOLID(CYSTALLINE) AND LIQUID(ISOTROPIC) PHASES.
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUID CRYSTALS ARE VERY SENSITIVE TO
TEMPERATURE, APPLIED ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS.
• MOLECULES IN LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASE TAKE UP CERTAIN ORIENTATIONS
RELATIVE TO EACHOTHER AND RELATIVE TO THE SURFACE.
CLASSIFICATION OF LIQUID CRYSTALS:
• DEPENDING ON THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE MOLECULES IN THE MESOPHASE,
OR IT’S SYMMETRY, LIQUID CRYSTALS ARE SUB-DIVIDED INTO NEMATIC,
SMECTIC AND CHOLESTERICS(AS SHOW IN FIG1)
NEMATIC
• In a nematic phase molecules are aligned in the same
direction but are free to drift around randomly , very
much as in an ordinary liquid.
• In nematic mesophase , molecules posses a long-range
orientational order with molecular long axes aligned
along a preferred direction.
• Owing to their polarity , the alignment of the rod-like
molecules can be controlled by applying an electric
field; this is a physical basis for liquid crystal displays
and other electro-optic devices
SMECTI
C
• In smectic phases the molecules are arranged in layers and
exhibit some correlations in their positions in addition to the
orientational ordering.
• The long-range order extends along this axis;with the result that
individual layers can slip over each other.
• The smectic state is more solid like than nematic.
CHOLESTERI
C
• The cholesteric mesophase is similar to the nematic, it has long
range orientational order, but no long range positional order of the
centers of mass of molecules.
• It differs from the nematic mesophase in that the director varies
throughout the medium throughout the medium
• The director direction display a helical twist.(also known as chiral
nematic)
The distance between planes having the same director
direction is called the pitch.
CONSTRUCTION OF LCD
Construction: It consists of two poloroids with optic axis oriented at 90° to each other.
A twisted nematic(cholesteric) liquid crystal of thickness 10 micrometer or less is placed
in between the two poloroids.
The orientation of the molecules at the surface in contact with poloroid is same as the
optic axis of the poloroids.
Two glass transparent electrodes are aligned on either side of liquid crystal in order to
apply the voltage across the liquid crystal.
WORKING OF LCD
When no voltage is applied across the liquid crystal,the orientation of
the molecules in the liquid crystal remains twisted.Any light incident on
one of the poloroid passes through the liquid crystal as plane
polarized,with its plane of polarisation turned as per the orientation of
molecules in the liquid crystal and comes out of the second poloroid and
that region or pixel appears intense bright or white.
When sufficient voltage is applied across the liquid crystal
the orientation of the molecules changes as shown in the
diagram.The light ray incident on one of the poloroids
passes through the second poloroid.Due to which that
region or pixel appears dark or black.
ADVANTAGE
DISADVANTAG
S
ES
1. Consume much lesser energy 1. Angle of viewing is very limited.
2. No generation of light, utilises the 2. External light is a must for
available light. display.
3. More suitable to act as display elements 3. Can not be used for wide temp
since very thin layer of LC is used. range.
4. Less expensive 4. Poor contrast
5. Can be used as temp measuring sensors
CONCLUSION
• In conclusion, LCD technology has changed the way we use screens in our
daily lives.
• It is lightweight, energy-efficient, and used in many devices like TVs,
computers, and phones.
• Even with new technologies like OLED, LCDs are still popular because
they are reliable and affordable.
• As technology improves, LCDs will continue to play an important role in
providing clear and colorful displays.
