INTERNET OF THINGS

UNIT 1
 Introduction
• Internet of Things (IoT) comprises things that have unique identities and are connected to the Internet. While many
existing devices, such as networked computers or 4G-enabled mobile phones, already have some form of unique
identities and are also connected to the Internet

• The scope of IoT is not limited to just connecting things (devices, appliances, machines) to the Internet. IoT allows
these things to communicate and exchange data (control & information, that could include data associated with users)
while executing meaningful applications towards a common user or machine goal.

• For example, consider a series of raw sensor measurements ((72,45) ; (84, 56)) generated by a weather monitoring
station, which by themselves do not have any meaning of context. To give meaning to the data, a context is added,
which in this example can be that each tuple in data represents the temperature and humidity measured every minute.
• The applications of Internet of Things span a wide range of domains
• homes,
• cities,
• environment,
• energy systems,
• retail,
• logistics,
• industry,
• agriculture and health.
Definition
•A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on standard and
interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual "things" have identities,
physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly
integrated into the information network, often communicate data associated with users and their
environments.
 Characteristics of loT
• Dynamic & Self-Adapting

• Self-Configuring

• Interoperable Communication Protocols

• Unique Identity

• Integrated into Information Network

• Dynamic & Self-Adapting: IoT devices and systems may have the capability to dynamically adapt with the
changing contexts and take actions based on their operating conditions, user’s context, or sensed
environment.

• For example, consider a surveillance system comprising of a number of surveillance cameras. The surveillance
cameras can adapt their modes (to normal or infra-red night modes) based on whether it is day or night.

• Self-Configuring: IoT devices may have self-configuring capability, allowing a large number of devices to
work together to provide certain functionality (such as weather monitoring). These devices have the ability
configure themselves (in association with the IoT infrastructure), setup the networking, and fetch latest
software upgrades with minimal manual or user intervention.
• Interoperable Communication Protocols: IoT devices may support a number of interoperable communication
protocols and can communicate with other devices and also with the infrastructure.

• Unique Identity: Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique identifier (such as an IP address or a URI).
IoT systems may have intelligent interfaces which adapt based on the context, allow communicating with users
and the environmental contexts.

• Integrated into Information Network: IoT devices are usually integrated into the information network that
allows them to communicate and exchange data with other devices and systems. IoT devices can be dynamically
discovered in the network, by other devices and/or the network, and have the capability to describe themselves
(and their characteristics) to other devices or user applications.
 Physical Design of IoT
• The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and can perform remote
sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities.

• IoT devices can:

• Exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly or indirectly)

• Collect data from other devices and process the data locally

• Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application back-ends for processing the data

• Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT infrastructure, based on temporal and space constraints
Generic block diagram of an IoT
Device
• An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for
connections to other devices, both wired and
wireless.

• I/O interfaces for sensors

• Interfaces for Internet connectivity
• Memory and storage interfaces
• Audio/video interfaces.
IoT Protocols
• Link Layer • Transport Layer
◦ 802.3 – Ethernet ◦ TCP
◦ 802.11 – WiFi ◦ UDP
◦ 802.16 – WiMax
◦ 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
◦ 2G/3G/4G • Application Layer
◦ HTTP
◦ CoAP
• Network/Internet Layer ◦ WebSocket
◦ IPv4 ◦ MQTT
◦ IPv6 ◦ XMPP
◦ 6LoWPAN ◦ DDS
◦ AMQP
 Logical Design of IoT
• Logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract
representation of the entities and processes without
going into the low-level specifics of the
implementation.

• An IoT system comprises of a number of functional

blocks that provide the system the capabilities for
identification, sensing, actuation, communication,
and management.
IoT Communication Models
•Request-Response

•Publish-Subscribe

•Push-Pull

•Exclusive Pair
 Request Response Model
• Request-Response is a communication model in
which the client sends requests to the server and the
server responds to the requests.

• When the server receives a request, it decides how to

respond, fetches the data, retrieves resource
representations, prepares the response, and then
sends the response to the client.
 Publish-Subscribe Model
• Publish-Subscribe is a communication model that
involves publishers, brokers and consumers.
• Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send the
data to the topics which are managed by the broker.
Publishers are not aware of the consumers.
• Consumers subscribe to the topics which are
managed by the broker.
• When the broker receives data for a topic from the
publisher, it sends the data to all the subscribed
consumers.
 Push-Pull Model
• Push-Pull is a communication model in which the
data producers push the data to queues and the
consumers pull the data from the queues.
• Producers do not need to be aware of the consumers.
• Queues help in decoupling the messaging between
the producers and consumers.
• Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations
when there is a mismatch between the rate at which
the producers push data and the rate at which the
consumers pull data.
 Exclusive Pair Model
• Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional, fully duplex
communication model that uses a persistent
connection between the client and server.

• Once the connection is setup it remains open until the

client sends a request to close the connection.

• Client and server can send messages to each other

after connection setup.
IoT Communication APIs
• REST-based Communication APIs
• WebSocket-based Communication APIs
REST-based Communication APIs
• Representational State Transfer (REST) is a set of architectural principles by which you can design web
services and web APIs that focus on a system’s resources and how resource states are addressed and
transferred.

• REST APIs follow the request response communication model.

• The REST architectural constraints apply to the components, connectors, and data elements, within a
distributed hypermedia system.
• Client-Server: The principle behind the client-server constraint is the separation of concerns. For example,
clients should not be concerned with the storage of data which is a concern of the server. Similarly, the server
should not be concerned about the user interface, which is a concern of the client. Separation allows client and
server to be independently developed and updated.

• Stateless: Each request from client to server must contain all the information necessary to understand the request,
and cannot take advantage of any stored context on the server. The session state is kept entirely on the client.

• Cache-able: Cache constraint requires that the data within a response to a request be implicitly or explicitly
labeled as cache-able or non-cache-able. If a response is cache-able, then a client cache is given the right to reuse
that response data for later, equivalent requests.
• Layered System: Layered system constraint, constrains the behavior of components such that each component
cannot see beyond the immediate layer with which they are interacting. For example, a client cannot tell whether it
is connected directly to the end server, or to an intermediary along the way. System scalability can be improved by
allowing intermediaries to respond to requests instead of the end server, without the client having to do anything
different.

• Uniform Interface: Uniform Interface constraint requires that the method of communication between a client and
a server must be uniform. Resources are identified in the requests (by URIS in web based systems) and are
themselves separate from the representations of the resources that are returned to the client. When a client holds a
representation of a resource it has all the information required to update or delete the resource (provided the client
has required permissions).
communication between client
and server using REST APIs
WebSocket-based
Communication APIs
• WebSocket APIs allow bi-directional, full duplex
communication between clients and servers,
• WebSocket APIs follow the exclusive pair
communication model.
• WebSocket APIs allow full duplex communication
and do not require a new connection to be setup for
each message to be sent.
• WebSocket communication begins with a connection
setup request sent by the client to the server. This
request (called a WebSocket handshake)is sent over
HTTP and the server interprets it as an upgrade
request.
• If the server supports WebSocket protocol, the server responds to the WebSocket handshake response.

• After the connection is setup, the client and server can send data/messages to each other in full-duplex
mode.

• WebSocket APIs reduce the network traffic and latency as there is no overhead for connection setup and
termination requests for each message.
IoT Enabled Technologies
• Wireless Sensor Networks
• Cloud Computing
• Big Data Analytics
• Communication Protocols
• Embedded Systems
 Wireless Sensor Networks
• A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) comprises of distributed devices with sensors which are used to monitor
the environmental and physical conditions.

• A WSN consist of a number of end-nodes and routers and a coordinator. End nodes have several sensors
attached to them. End nodes can also act as routers.

• Routers are responsible for routing the data packets from end-nodes to the coordinator.

• The coordinator collects the data from all the nodes. Coordinator also acts as a gateway that connects the
WSN to the Internet.
• Some examples of WSNs used in IoT systems are :
• Weather monitoring systems use WSNs in which the nodes collect temperature, humidity and other data, which is
aggregated and analyzed.

• Indoor air quality monitoring systems use WSNs to collect data on the indoor air quality and concentration of
various gases.

• Soil moisture monitoring systems use WSNs to monitor soil moisture at various locations.

• Surveillance systems use WSNs for collecting surveillance data (such as motion detection data)

• Structural health monitoring systems use WSNs to monitor the health of structures(buildings, bridges) by collecting
vibration data from sensor nodes deployed at various points in the structure.
Cloud Computing
• Cloud computing is a transformative computing paradigm that involves delivering applications and services
over the Internet.

• Cloud computing involves provisioning of computing, networking and storage resources on demand and
providing these resources as metered services to the users, in a "pay as you go" model.

• The process of provisioning resources is automated.

• Cloud computing resources can be accessed over the network using standard access mechanisms that
provide platform-independent access through the use of heterogeneous client platforms such as
workstations, laptops, tablets and smart-phones.
• The computing and storage resources provided by cloud service providers are pooled to serve multiple users
using multi-tenancy.

• Cloud computing services are offered to users in different forms:

• Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

• Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)

• Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
 Big Data Analytics
• Big data is defined as collections of data sets whose volume, velocity (in terms of its temporal variation), or variety,
is so large that it is difficult to store, manage, process and analyze the data using traditional databases and data
processing tools. Big data analytics involves several steps starting from data cleansing, data processing and
visualization.

• Examples
• Sensor data generated by IoT systems such as weather monitoring stations.

• Machine sensor data collected from sensors embedded in industrial and energy systems for monitoring their health and
detecting failures.

• Health and fitness data generated by IoT devices such as wearable fitness bands.

• Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles.

• The underlying characteristics of big data include:
• Volume: Though there is no fixed threshold for the volume of data to be considered as big data, however, typically, the
term big data is used for massive scale data that is difficult to store, manage and process using traditional databases
and data processing architectures.

• Velocity: Velocity is another important characteristic of big data and the primary reason for exponential growth of
data. Velocity of data refers to how fast the data is generated and how frequently it varies.

• Variety: Variety refers to the forms of the data. Big data comes in different forms such as structured or unstructured
data, including text data, image, audio, video and sensor data.
Communication Protocols
• Communication protocols form the backbone of IoT systems and enable network connectivity and coupling
to applications. Communication protocols allow devices to exchange data over the network.

• The link, network, transport and application layer protocols define the data exchange formats, data
encoding, addressing schemes for devices and routing of packets from source to destination.

• Other functions of the protocols include sequence control (that helps in ordering packets determining lost
packets), flow control (that helps in controlling the rate at which the sender is sending the data so that the
receiver or the network is not overwhelmed) and retransmission of lost packets.
 Embedded Systems
• An Embedded System is a computer system that has computer hardware and software embedded to perform
specific tasks. In contrast to general purpose computers or personal computers (PCs) which can perform various
types of tasks, embedded systems are designed to perform a specific set of tasks.

• Key components of an embedded system include, microprocessor or microcontroller, memory (RAM, ROM,
cache), networking units (Ethernet, WiFi adapters), input/output units (display, keyboard, etc.) and storage (such
as flash memory).

• Embedded systems run embedded operating systems such as real-time operating systems (RTOS).

• Embedded systems range from low-cost miniaturized devices such as digital watches to devices such as digital
cameras, point of sale terminals, vending machines, appliances (such as washing machines).
 IoT Levels & Deployment
Templates
• An IoT system comprises of the following components:

• Device: An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing, actuating and remote monitoring capabilities.

• Resource: Resources are software components on the IoT device for accessing, processing, and storing
sensor information, or controlling actuators connected to the device. Resources also include the software
components that enable network access for the device.

• Controller Service: Controller service is a native service that runs on the device and interacts with the web
services. Controller service sends data from the device to the web service and receives commands from the
application (via web services) for controlling the device.
• Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data generated by the IoT device.

• Web Service: Web services serve as a link between the IoT device, application, database and analysis
components. Web service can be either implemented using HTTP and REST principles (REST service) or using
WebSocket protocol (WebSocket service).

• Analysis Component: The Analysis Component is responsible for analyzing the IoT data and generate results in
a form which are easy for the user to understand.

• Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the users can use to control and monitor various aspects
of the IoT system. Applications also allow users to view the system status and view the processed data.
IoT Level-1
• A level-1 IoT system has a single node/device that
performs sensing and/or actuation, stores data,
performs analysis and hosts the application.

• Level-1 IoT systems are suitable for modeling low-

cost and low-complexity solutions where the data
involved is not big and the analysis requirements are
not computationally intensive.
 IoT Level-2
• A level-2 IoT system has a single node that performs
sensing and/or actuation and local analysis.

• Data is stored in the cloud and application is usually

cloud based.

• Level-2 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where

the data involved is big, however, the primary
analysis requirement is not computationally intensive
and can be done locally itself.
 IoT Level-3
• A level-3 IoT system has a single node. Data is stored
and analyzed in the cloud and application is cloud
based.

• Level-3 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where

the data involved is big and the analysis requirements
are computationally intensive.
 IoT Level-4
• A level-4 IoT system has multiple nodes that perform
local analysis.
• Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud-
based.
• Level-4 contains local and cloud based observer
nodes which can subscribe to and receive information
collected in the cloud from IoT devices.
• Level-4 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where
multiple nodes are required, the data involved is big
and the analysis requirements are computationally
intensive.
IoT Level-5
• A level-5 IoT system has multiple end nodes and one
coordinator node.
• The end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation.
• Coordinator node collects data from the end nodes
and sends to the cloud.
• Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and
application is cloud-based.
• Level-5 IoT systems are suitable for solutions based
on wireless sensor networks, in which the data
involved is big and the analysis requirements are
computationally intensive.
 IoT Level-6
• A level-6 IoT system has multiple independent end
nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation and send
data to the cloud.
• Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud-
based.
• The analytics component analyzes the data and stores
the results in the cloud database.
• The results are visualized with the cloud-based
application.
• The centralized controller is aware of the status of all
the end nodes and sends control commands to the
nodes.
 Domain Specific IoTs
• The Internet of Things (IoT) applications span a wide range of domains :
• Home Automation
• Cities
• Environment
• Energy Systems
• Retail
• Logistics
• Agriculture
• Industry
• Health & Lifestyle
Home Automation
•Smart Lighting
• Smart lighting for homes helps in saving energy by adapting the lighting to the ambient conditions and
switching on/off or dimming the lights when needed.

• Smart lighting solutions for home achieve energy savings by sensing the human movements and their
environments and controlling the lights accordingly.

• Wireless-enabled and Internet connected lights can be controlled remotely from IoT applications such as
a mobile or web application.
•Smart Appliances
• Smart appliances make the management easier and also provide status information to the users remotely.

• Smart washer/dryer that can be controlled remotely and notify when the washing/drying cycle is
complete.

• Smart refrigerators can keep track of the items stored(using RFID tags) and send updates to the users
when an item is low on stock.

• Smart TVs allows users to search and stream videos and movies from the Internet on a local storage
drive, search TV channel schedules and fetch news, weather updates and other content from the Internet.
•Open Remote is an open source automation platform for homes and buildings. With Open
Remote, users can control various appliances using mobile or web applications.

•Open Remote comprises of three components –

• a Controller that manages scheduling and runtime integration between devices

• a Designer that allows you to create both configurations for the controller and create user interface
designs

• Control Panels that allow you to interact with devices and control them.
•Intrusion Detection
• Home intrusion detection systems use security cameras and sensors (such as PIR sensors and door
sensors) to detect intrusions and raise alerts.

• Alerts can be in the form of an SMS or an email sent to the user.

• Advanced systems can even send detailed alerts such as an image or a short video clip sent as an email
attachment.
•Smoke/Gas Detectors
• Smoke detectors are installed in homes and buildings to detect smoke that is typically an early sign of
fire. Smoke detectors use air sampling techniques to detect smoke.

• Alerts raised by smoke detectors can be in the form of signals to a fire alarm system.

• Gas detectors can detect the presence of harmful gases such as carbon monoxide(CO), liquid petroleum
gas (LPG), etc.

• It can raise alerts as an SMS or email to the user or the local fire safety department.
Cities
•Smart Parking
• Smart parking make the search for parking space easier and convenient for drivers.

• Smart parking are powered by IoT systems that detect the number of empty parking slots and send the
information over the Internet to smart parking application back-ends.

• These applications can be accessed by the drivers from smart-phones, tablets and in-car navigation
systems.

• In smart parking, sensors are used for each parking slot, to detect whether the slot is empty or occupied.
This information is aggregated by a local controller and then sent over the Internet to the database.
•Smart Lighting
• Smart lighting systems for roads, parks and buildings can help in saving energy.

• Smart lighting allows lighting to be dynamically controlled and also adaptive to the ambient conditions.

• Smart lights connected to the Internet can be controlled remotely to configure lighting schedules and
lighting intensity.

• Custom lighting configurations can be set for different situations such as a foggy day, a festival, etc.
•Smart Roads
• Smart roads equipped with sensors can provide information on driving conditions, travel time estimates
and alerts in case of poor driving conditions, traffic congestions and accidents.

• Such information can help in making the roads safer and help in reducing traffic jams.

• Information sensed from the roads can be communicated via Internet to cloud-based applications and
social media and disseminated to the drivers who subscribe to such applications.
•Structural Health Monitoring
• Structural Health Monitoring systems use a network of sensors to monitor the vibration levels in the
structures such as bridges and buildings.

• The data collected from these sensors is analyzed to assess the health of the structures.

• By analyzing the data it is possible to detect cracks and mechanical breakdowns, locate the damages to a
structure and also calculate the remaining life of the structure.

• Using such systems, advance warnings can be given in the case of failure of the structure.
•Surveillance
• Surveillance of infrastructure, public transport and events in cities is required to ensure safety and
security.

• City wide surveillance infrastructure comprising of large number of distributed and Internet connected
video surveillance cameras can be created.

• The video feeds from surveillance cameras can be aggregated in cloud-based scalable storage solutions
and analyzed for specific patterns or specific events from the video feeds.
•Emergency Response
• IoT systems can be used for monitoring the critical infrastructure in cities such as buildings, gas and
water pipelines, public transport and power substations.

• IoT systems for fire detection, gas and water leakage detection can help in generating alerts and
minimizing their effects on the critical infrastructure.

• Response to alerts generated by such systems can be in the form of alerts sent to the public, re-routing of
traffic, evacuations of the affected areas, etc.
Environment
•Weather Monitoring
• IoT-based weather monitoring systems can collect data from a number of sensor attached(such as
temperature, humidity, pressure, etc.) and send the data to cloud-based applications and storage back-
ends.

• The data collected in the cloud can then be analyzed and visualized by cloud-based applications. Weather
alerts can be sent to the subscribed users from such applications.

• AirPi is a weather and air quality monitoring kit capable of recording and uploading information about
temperature, humidity, air pressure, light levels, UV levels, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and
smoke level to the Internet.
•Air Pollution Monitoring
• IoT based air pollution monitoring systems can monitor emission of harmful gases by factories and
automobiles using gaseous and meteorological sensors.

• The collected data can be analyzed to make informed decisions on pollutions control approaches.
•Noise Pollution Monitoring
• Noise pollution can cause health hazards for humans due to sleep disruption and stress.

• Noise pollution monitoring can help in generating noise maps for cities. Urban noise maps can help the
policy makers in urban planning and making policies to control noise levels near residential areas,
schools and parks.

• IoT based noise pollution monitoring systems use a number of noise monitoring stations that are
deployed at different places in a city.

• The data on noise levels from the stations is collected on servers or in the cloud. The collected data is
then aggregated to generate noise maps.
•Forest Fire Detection
• Forest fires can cause damage to natural resources, property and human life. There can be different
causes of forest fires including lightening, human negligence, volcanic eruptions and sparks from rock
falls, Early detection of forest fires can help in minimizing the damage.

• IoT based forest fire detection systems use a number of monitoring nodes deployed at different locations
in a forest.

• Each monitoring node collects measurements on ambient conditions including temperature, humidity,
light levels, etc.
•River Floods Detection
• River floods can cause extensive damage to the natural and human resources and human life.

• River floods occur due to continuous rainfall which cause the river levels to rise and flow rates to
increase rapidly. Early warnings of floods can be given by monitoring the water level and flow rate.

• IoT based river flood monitoring system use a number of sensor nodes that monitor the water level
(using ultrasonic sensors) and flow rate (using the flow velocity sensors).

• Data from a number of such sensor nodes is aggregated in a server or in the cloud. Monitoring
applications raise alerts when rapid increase in water level and flow rate is detected.
Energy
• Smart Grids
• Smart Grid is a data communications network integrated with the electrical grid that collects and analyzes data
captured in near-real-time about power transmission, distribution, and consumption.

• Smart Grid technology provides predictive information and recommendations on how best to manage power.

• Smart Grids collect data regarding electricity generation (centralized or distributed), consumption(instantaneous
or predictive), storage (or conversion of energy into other forms), distribution and equipment health data.

• Smart meters can capture almost real-time consumption, remotely control the consumption of electricity and
remotely switch off supply when required.
•Renewable Energy Systems
• Due to the variability in the output from renewable energy sources (such as solar and wind),integrating
them into the grid can cause grid stability and reliability problems. Variable output produces local
voltage swings that can impact power quality.

• Existing grids were designed to handle power flows from centralized generation sources to the loads
through transmission and distribution lines.

• IoT based systems integrated with the transformers at the point of interconnection measure the electrical
variables and how much power is fed into the grid.

• To ensure the grid stability, one solution is to simply cut off the overproduction.
Retail
•Inventory Management
• IoT systems using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags can help in inventory management and
maintaining the right inventory levels.

• RFID tags attached to the products allow them to be tracked in real-time so that the inventory levels can
be determined accurately and products which are low on stock can be replenished.

• Tracking can be done using RFID readers attached to the retail store shelves or in the warehouse.

• IoT systems enable remote monitoring of inventory using the data collected by the RFID readers.
•Smart Payments
• Smart payment solutions such as contact-less payments powered by technologies such as Near field
communication (NFC) and Bluetooth.

• Near field communication (NFC) is a set of standards for smart-phones and other devices to
communicate with each other by bringing them into proximity or by touching them.

• Customers can store the credit card information in their NFC-enabled smart-phones and make payments
by bringing the smart-phones near the point of sale terminals.
•Smart Vending Machines
• Smart vending machines connected to the Internet allow remote monitoring of inventory levels, elastic
pricing of products, and contact-less payments using NFC.

• Smart-phone applications that communicate with smart vending machines allow user preferences to be
remembered and learned with time.

• Smart vending machines can communicate with other vending machines in their vicinity and share their
inventory levels so that the customers can be routed to the nearest machine in case a product goes out of
stock in a machine.
Logistics
•Route Generation & Scheduling
• Modern transportation systems are driven by data collected from multiple sources which is processed to
provide new services to the stakeholders.

• By collecting large amount of data from various sources and processing the data into useful information,
data-driven transportation systems can provide new services such as advanced route guidance, dynamic
vehicle routing.

• Route generation and scheduling systems can generate end-to-end routes using combination of route
patterns and transportation modes and feasible schedules based on the availability of vehicles.
•Fleet Tracking
• Vehicle fleet tracking systems use GPS technology to track the locations of the vehicles in real-time.

• Cloud-based fleet tracking systems can be scaled up on demand to handle large number of vehicles.
Alerts can be generated in case of deviations in planned routes.

• The vehicle locations and routes data can be aggregated and analyzed for detecting bottlenecks in the
supply chain such as traffic congestions on routes, assignments and generation of alternative routes, and
supply chain optimization.
•Shipment Monitoring
• Shipment monitoring solutions for transportation systems allow monitoring the conditions inside
containers.

• For example, containers carrying fresh food products can be monitored to prevent spoilage of food.

• IoT based shipment monitoring systems use sensors such as temperature, pressure, humidity, to monitor
the conditions inside the containers and send the data to the cloud, where it can be analyzed to detect
food spoilage.

• The analysis and interpretation of data on the environmental conditions in the container and food truck
positioning can enable more effective routing decisions in real time.
• Therefore, it is possible to take remedial measures such as - the food that has a limited time budget
before it gets rotten can be re-routed to a closer destinations, alerts can be raised to the driver and the
distributor about the transit conditions, such as container temperature exceeding the allowed -limit,
humidity levels going out of the allowed limit, and corrective actions can be taken before the food gets
damaged.
•Remote Vehicle Diagnostics
• Remote vehicle diagnostic systems can detect faults in the vehicles or warn of impending faults.

• These diagnostic systems use on-board IoT devices for collecting data on vehicle operation (such as
speed, engine RPM, coolent temperature, fault code number) and status of various vehicle sub-systems.

• IoT based vehicle diagnostic systems can send the vehicle data to centralized servers or the cloud where
it can be analyzed to generate alerts and suggest remedial actions.
Agriculture
•Smart Irrigation
• Smart irrigation systems can improve crop yields while saving water.

• Smart irrigation systems use IoT devices with soil moisture sensors to determine the amount of moisture
in the soil and release the flow of water through the irrigation pipes only when the moisture levels go
below a predefined threshold.

• Smart irrigation systems also collect moisture level measurements on a server or in the cloud where the
collected data can be analyzed to plan watering schedules.
•Green House Control
• Green houses are structures with glass or plastic roofs that provide conducive environment for growth of
plants.

• The climatological conditions inside a green house can be monitored and controlled to provide the best
conditions for growth of plants.

• The temperature, humidity, soil moisture, light and carbon dioxide levels are monitored using sensors
and the climatological conditions are controlled automatically using actuation devices (such as valves for
releasing water and switches for controlling fans).
Industry
•Machine Diagnosis & Prognosis
• Machine prognosis refers to predicting the performance of a machine by analyzing the data on the
current operating conditions and how much deviations exist from the normal operating conditions.

• Machine diagnosis refers to determining the cause of a machine fault.

• IoT plays a major role in both prognosis and diagnosis of industrial machines.

• A number of methods have been proposed for reliability analysis and fault prediction in machines.

• Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a commonly used method that finds solutions to new problems based on
past experience. This past experience is organized and represented as cases in a case-base.
•Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
• Monitoring indoor air quality in factories is important for health and safety of the workers .

• Harmful and toxic gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO), Nitrogen Dioxide
(NO), etc., can cause serious health problems.

• IoT based gas monitoring systems can help in monitoring the indoor air quality using various gas
sensors.

• Wireless sensor networks based IoT devices can identify the hazardous zones, so that corrective
measures can be taken to ensure proper ventilation.
Health & Life Style
•Health & Fitness Monitoring
• Wearable IoT devices that allow continuous monitoring of physiological parameters which helps in
continuous health and fitness monitoring. These wearable devices may can be in various forms such as
belts and wrist-bands.

• The wearable devices form a type of wireless sensor networks called body area networks in which the
measurements from a number of wearable devices are continuous sent to a master node (such as a smart-
phone) which then sends the data to a server or a cloud-based back-end for analysis and archiving.
 • Health-care providers can analyze the collected health-care data to determine any health conditions or
anomalies. Commonly uses body sensors include: body temperature, heartrate, pulse oximeter oxygen
saturation (SPo2), blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG).

• Wearable Electronics
• Wearable electronics such as wearable gadgets (smart watches, smart glasses, wrist bands, etc.) provide
various functions and features to assist us in our daily activities and making us lead healthy lifestyles.

• Smart watches that run mobile operating systems (such as Android) provide enhanced functionality beyond
just timekeeping. With smart watches, the users can search the Internet, play audio/video files, make calls
(with or without paired mobile phones), play games and use various kinds of mobile applications.
• Smart glasses allows users to take photos and record videos, get map directions, check flight status, and
search the Internet by using voice commands.

• Smart shoes monitor the walking or running speeds and jumps with the help of embedded sensors and be
paired with smart-phones to visualize the data.

• Smart wristbands can track the daily exercise and calories burnt.