THE DATA AND
DATA
COLLECTION
MODULE 5 LESSON 3
ACTIVITY
“Common
Ground”
This qualitative data exercise is a great
way to build connections and interview
skills. You will be given 5 minutes to
identify and record as many non-physical
things they have in common as possible
with your seatmate (ex: both love travel,
both have young kids, both are pisces).
WHAT IS DATA?
Your data is all the information
that you will gather throughout
your research.
HOW DO WE COLLECT OUR
QUALITATIVE DATA?
One way to collect qualitative data is to
gather your data from different sources of
information. Some of these sources can
include books, encyclopedias, websites
and firsthand information from people.
TWO CLASSIFICATIONS
OF DATA
PRIMARY DATA
First-hand information based on actual
experiences or observations
More reliable to use because it is gathered
by the actual researchers
Examples of primary data includes: data
taken personally through interview,
personally observing people to get
visual data.
SECONDARY DATA
Data that are gathered from secondary
sources, meaning it is not you that have
obtained the information but rather, it
comes from previous research, audio
recordings or books
Examples of secondary data includes:
information from your barangay census
on the number of population in the area
DATA
COLLECTION
INSTRUMEN
1. INTERVIEW
• the most common type of instrument
that is being used
• are done by having a set of questions
to your respondents and letting them
answer as truthfully as possible
3 TYPES OF INTERVIEW
STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
• Has a set of
predetermined
questions that are
ready to use
• You should not ask
beyond what is written
in your interview
3 TYPES OF INTERVIEW
UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW
• You are not required to make a set of pre-made
questions, but rather make an OUTLINE or what
kind of questions you want to ask your
respondents
• Dawson (2002) calls this type of interview as
life history interview
• Your respondents are free to talk about what
they want to share with a little guide question
3 TYPES OF INTERVIEW
UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW
• A mix of structured and unstructured
interview
• One of the most common types of
interviews
• You have to prepare a set of questions;
however, you are also free to ask to follow
up questions to your respondents if you
want to clarify something or add
2. OBSERVATION
• being used most in ethnography is
observations
• a researcher observes and takes notes
of the behavior of people that they
want to be a part of their research
3 TYPES OF OBSERVATION
NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
• this happens when a researcher
observes the behavior of a group of
people in their natural setting
3 TYPES OF OBSERVATION
NON-NATURALISTIC
OBSERVATION
• this type of observation happens
when you take your respondents
out of their natural environment
and put them in an environment of
your choice
3. QUESTIONNAIRE
• also one of the most common types of
instruments that is being used by
qualitative researchers
• this is somewhat similar to interviews
based on the format of questions that is
being used
3 TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRE
CLOSE-ENDED QUESTIONNAIRE
• this type of questionnaire is similar to a
structured interview
• is mostly used when you want to
conduct surveys on your respondents
• is mostly for statistical purposes and
the questions are already prepared for
your respondents to answer
3 TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRE
OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONNAIRE
• this type of questionnaire leaves a
blank space for the respondents to
give their point of view about a
specific question
3 TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRE
COMBINATION OF BOTH
• combines both the close-ended and
open-ended questionnaires
• for example, you may want to ask a
yes or no question to your
respondents and also want them to
explain why they have answered
4. FOCUS GROUP
DISCUSSION
• focuses on groups of people being
interviewed at the same time
• this relies on the respondents to give a
discussion amongst themselves on the
questions that you, the researcher, give.
• you will serve as the moderator or
facilitator
QUESTIONS?
LET’S
1. The following are considered as
data gathering instruments EXCEPT:
A. Interviews
B. Observation
C. Questionnaire
D. The internet
2. This type of observation requires the
researcher to be involved in the usual
activities of the subjects that they are
researching.
A. Naturalistic observation
B. Participative observation
C. Non-naturalistic
observation
3. Steve distributed a data gathering instrument
where respondents are requested to supply the
necessary information in the blanks placed after
each statement or question. What data gathering
instrument is Steve using?
A. Observation
B. Interview
C. Questionnaire
D. Focus Group Discussions
4. Sophia wants to study the behavior of baby
pandas when placed in a controlled
environment. What data gathering
instrument will Sophia be using?
A. Observation
B. Interview
C. Questionnaire
D. Focus Group Discussions
5. This type of data gathering instrument is
used when the researcher personally asks
the respondents about the information
that the researcher needs.
A. Observation
B. Interview
C. Questionnaire
D. Focus Group Discussions
