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Data Encryption Standard

The Data Encryption Standard (DES) is a symmetric block cipher that processes 64-bit plaintext inputs through 16 Feistel rounds to produce 64-bit ciphertext outputs. Each round involves splitting the data into two halves, applying a function with a subkey, and performing an XOR operation before swapping the halves. Key parameters affecting security and performance include block size, key size, number of rounds, subkey generation complexity, and the round function's complexity.

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82 views17 pages

Data Encryption Standard

The Data Encryption Standard (DES) is a symmetric block cipher that processes 64-bit plaintext inputs through 16 Feistel rounds to produce 64-bit ciphertext outputs. Each round involves splitting the data into two halves, applying a function with a subkey, and performing an XOR operation before swapping the halves. Key parameters affecting security and performance include block size, key size, number of rounds, subkey generation complexity, and the round function's complexity.

Uploaded by

ajaj khan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DATA ENCRYPTION

STANDARD
DATA ENCRYPTION STATNDARD:

• Block Cipher technique

• Symmetric cipher

• Take 64 bit plain text input and generate 64 bit output

• Work in 16 rounds and each round is a Fiestel round


Feistel Round:
1. Plain text is divide into two equal halves.

2. The two halves of the data pass through n rounds processing and
the combine to produce the cipher text block.

3. On the right half we apply a function and with the function we


uses a subkey which is generated from master key.

4. The output of this function is then XOR with left half and after
XOR left half and right half is swapped.

Note: In above four steps single round is completed.


The exact realization of a Feistel network depends on the choice of the following
parameters and design features:

Block size - Increasing size improves security, but slows cipher

Key size - Increasing size improves security, makes exhaustive key searching
harder, but may slow cipher

Number of rounds - Increasing number improves security, but slows cipher

Subkey generation - Greater complexity can make analysis harder, but slows
cipher

Round function - Greater complexity can make analysis harder, but slows cipher
STEPS FOR DES
:
Step 2 Initial permutation.

Initial Data.  Here conversion take


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 place as follows.
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 1 58
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 2 50
49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 3 40
4 34
Initial Permutation. 5 26
6 18
58 50 42 34 26 18 10 2 60 52 44 36 28 20 12 4
7 10
62 54 46 38 30 22 14 6 64 56 48 40 32 24 16 8
8 2
57 49 41 33 25 17 9 1 59 51 43 35 27 19 11 3
9 60
61 53 45 37 29 21 13 5 63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7
.
.
58 4 62 7 32bit 32bit
.
LPT RPT
 Always read from left to right .
64 7
 Always read from top to bottom.
FUNCTION DEFINITION:
32 bit data

Expansion
Expansionbox
box

48 bit

Key 48 bit
+ XOR
S BOX SUBSTITUTION

S S S S S S S S

PERMUTATION BOX

32 bit Output Fig: Function Definition


EXPANSION BOX:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 29 30 31 32

 6bit * 8 bit = 48 bit key generation.


 Until now
 Key transformation 56 bit  48 bits
 Expansion permutation 32bit RPT  48bit RPT
 Now 48 bit RPT XOR 48 bit key  output  S-box substitution
How S-box works
S-box 1

• Map the data in s-box located from row no bit b1b6 and column no bit b2b3b4b5
• Note* : start counting row and column from 0
• Get the data from the sbox.
• Here we are substituting the 4bit from the s-box
• Convert the no from the s box into decimal digit.
• Repeat for each s-box with each 6bit block.

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