ELECTRIC FIELD
AND CHARGES
By :- Shree Goswami
(Class 12th)
Chapter overview :
● Introduction
● Electric Charge
● Conductors and Insulators
● Charging by Induction
● Basic Properties of Electric Charge
● Coulomb’s Law *
● Forces between Multiple Charges *
● Electric Field *
● Electric Field Line
Introduction :
● All of us have the experience of seeing a spark or
hearing a crackle whenwe take off our synthetic
clothes or sweater, particularly in dry weathe
● The reason for these experiences isdischarge of
electric charges through our body, which were
accumulateddue to rubbing of insulating surfaces.
● You might have also heard thatthis is due to
generation of static electricity
● Static means anythingthat does not move or change
with time
● Ectrostatics deals with thestudy of forces, fields and
potentials arising from static charges.
Electric Charge :
● Charge is of two type Posetive charge and Negative
charge
● (i) like charges repel
● (ii) unlike charges attract each other.
● Charge is always associated with mass. Massless particle
cant have charge.
● For Isolated system net Charge always remain conserve
● Charge is invariant. Charge on any object doesn’t depens
on refrence frame
● SI unit of charge is Coulomb It is denoted by symbol C
● In terms of this definition, one coulomb is the charge flowing
through a wire in 1 s if the current is 1 A (ampere)
Conductors and Insulators :
● Some substances readily allow passage of electricity
through them, others do not
● Those which allow electricity to pass through them
easily are called Conductors
● They have electric charges (electrons) that are
comparatively free to move inside the material.
● Metals, human and animal bodies and earth are
conductors.
● Most of the non-metals like glass, porcelain, plastic,
nylon, wood offer high resistance to the passage of
electricity through them. They are called insulators.
Charging by Induction :
Fig :Induction
Charging by
Basic property of Electric charges :
● Additivity of charges
● Charge is conserved
● Quantisation of charge
q=ne where n is any integer, positive or
negative
● This basic unit of charge is the charge that an
electron or proton carries.
● By convention, the charge on an electron is taken to
be negative; therefore charge on an electron is
written as –e and that on a proton as +e.
● The fact that electric charge is always an integral
multiple of e is termed as quantisation of charge
● e = 1.602192 × 10 -19 C
● Thus, there are about 6 × 1018 electrons in a charge
of –1C
Coulomb’s law :
● Coulomb measured the force between two point charges
and found that
● It varied inversely as the square of the distance between
the charges (F ∝ 1/r2 )
● It was directly proportional to the product of the magnitude
of the two charges (F ∝ q1 q2 )
● It acted along the line joining the two charges
● K = 1/4πε0 = 9 × 109 Nm2/C2
● ε0 is called the permittivity of free space
● ε0 = 8.854 × 10–12 C2 N–1m–2
Coulomb’s law :
Forces between Multiple Charges :
● Superposition Principle:
The principle is based on the property that the forces with which
two charges attract or repel each other are not affected by the
presence of a third (or more) additional charge(s).
For an assembly of charges q1, q2, q3, ..., the force on any
charge, say q1, is the vector sum of the force on q1 due to q2, the
force on q1 due to q3,and so on. For each pair, the force is given
by the Coulomb’s law fortwo charges stated earlier.
Forces between Multiple Charges :
• The force on q1 due to q2 is
denoted by F12 is given by
• The force on q1 due to q3,
denotedby F13, is given by
Forces between Multiple Charges :
● Thus the total force F1 on q1 due to the two
charges q2 and q3 is given as
● In General :
Electric Field :
● Electric Field is a region where charge particles
experience force
● Strength of field at a point is measured with the help
of unit Posetive test charge
● Electric Field intensity at a point is force experienced
by unit Posetive test charge
●
● F = qE
● Unit :- Newton/Coulomb (N/C)
● Vector quantity. Its direction is same as the force
experienced by positive charge.
Electric Field :
● Uniform Electric Field :-
If there exist uniform electric field in a region then force
experienced by any charge will be same at all the point
Electric Field :
● Electric Field due to a point charge :-
Electric Field :
● Electric Field due to system of point charges :-
• Electric field E1 at r due to q1
at r1 is given by
• Similarly Electric field E2 at r
due to q2 at r2 is given by
• By the superposition principle,
the electric field E at r due to
the system of charges is
Electric Field :
● Electric field due to unFormly charge ring :-
1. At the centre of ring :-
2. At a point on its axis :-
Electric Field :
● Electric Field due to part of Ring at its centre :
1. Electric Field due to part of
ring at it center
2. Special case (Half ring , θ =
π/2 )
Electric Field :
● Electric Field due to uniform line charge :-
• Special Case ( when θ1 = θ2
, O is at mid of line )
• Special Case ( Infinite long
line charge , θ = π ) =>
Electric Field :
● Relation in line charge and charged part of ring :
θ
θ
Electric Field :
● Electric Field due to disc :-
• Special Case
( when R >> x ,
Infinite large
sheet) :
Electric Field :
● Electric Field due to Spherical Shell ( Hollow
sphere ) :-
• Electric Field
inside the shell
(r < R)
• Electric Field
outside the
Shell
(r>R)
Electric Field :
● Electric Field due to Solid Sphere
• Electric Field outside
the solid sphere ( r >
R)
or
• Electric field inside the solid
sphere ( r < R )
or
Volume charge density
=ρ
