Course: CS4151 - Wireless Network

Course Outcomes (COs):

At the end of the course the student should be able to:

1. Comment on difference between wireless and wired networks

and possible challenges in the design of wireless networks.
2. Identify design issues in various wireless technologies and
discuss possible solutions for them. .
3. Review architectures of various access technologies such as 3G,
4G, WiFi etc.
4. List challenges and possible solutions in various layers for Ad
hoc networks.
5. Demonstrate working of different types of wireless network
applications.
 Introduction to Wireless
Networks
CO-Comment on difference between wireless
and wired networks and possible challenges in
the design of wireless networks.
 Introduction to wireless network
A wireless network is a telecommunications network that
allows devices to communicate and exchange data without
the use of physical wired connections.
It utilizes radio frequency signals, microwaves, or other
wireless technologies to transmit information between
devices such as computers, smartphones, tablets, IoT
devices, and more.
Wireless networks provide the flexibility and convenience
of communication and data transfer without the need for
fixed infrastructure, enabling mobility and connectivity in
various settings, from homes and offices to public spaces
and remote areas.
 Importance of wireless technology in the Modern World
Wireless technology holds immense significance in the modern world due to its
transformative impact on various aspects of our lives. Here are some key reasons
highlighting its importance:
1) Mobility and Accessibility - Devices like smartphones, laptops, and tablets can
access the internet and communicate wirelessly.
2) Flexibility and Convenience- Wireless networks eliminate the need for physical
cables and connections.
3) Internet of Things (IoT) Revolution - Wireless connectivity is at the heart of the
IoT, enabling devices and sensors to communicate and share data.
4) Communication and Collaboration - Wireless technology enhances real-time
communication and association.
5) Education and Learning - Wireless technology supports e-learning and digital
classrooms.
6) Business Transformation - Wireless networks empower businesses to streamline
operations, provide remote access to employees, and offer cloud-based services.
7) Healthcare Advancements - Wireless medical devices and wearable technologies
monitor patient health remotely, enabling timely interventions.
8) Entertainment and Media - Streaming services for music, videos, and games rely
heavily on wireless connectivity.
9) Smart Home Automation -Wireless technology enables the smart home revolution.
Advantages of Wireless Networks
1) It provides clutter-free desks due to the absence of wires and
cables.
2) It increases the mobility of network devices connected to the
system since the devices need not be connected to each other.
3) Accessing network devices from any location within the network
coverage or Wi-Fi hotspot becomes convenient since laying out
cables is not needed.
4) Installation and setup of wireless networks are easier.
New devices can be easily connected to the existing setup since
they needn’t be wired to the present equipment. Also, the number
of equipment that can be added or removed to the system can vary
considerably since they are not limited by the cable capacity. This
makes wireless networks very scalable.
5) Wireless networks require very limited or no wires. Thus, it
reduces the equipment and setup costs.
Different wireless Technologies

Wi-Fi(Wi-Fi, short for "Wireless Fidelity," is a technology that allows devices to

connect to the internet or communicate with each other wirelessly using radio waves)
5G Cellular
Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Wireless
Long-Range(LoRa) Wireless Power
Low-Power Wide-Area (LPWA) Networks
Wireless Sensing
Enhanced Wireless Location Tracking
Robots
Drones
Self-driven vehicles
New medical devices
 Wireless Technology Trends

1) 4G offers many benefits over previous generations of mobile networks. It provides much
higher data rates, allowing users to enjoy a better experience when streaming video or
downloading files. 4G also has improved performance in terms of latency, meaning that there is
less delay when sending or receiving data.
Two key technologies enable 4G speeds: LTE (Long Term Evolution) and WiMAX (Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access).
2) 5G is the fifth generation of wireless technology, and it is expected to bring a major change to
the mobile landscape. The technology is still in its early stages
3) A millimeter-wave is a type of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the millimeter
range. They are also sometimes referred to as terahertz waves. Millimeter waves have a wide
range of applications, including communications, radar, and imaging.
4) A low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) is a type of wireless network that is designed to
allow devices to communicate with each other over long distances using very little power. They
are used in the Internet of Things (IoT) applications.
5) Vehicle to vehicle technology (V2V) is a system that allows vehicles to communicate with
each other to avoid collisions. V2V uses short-range wireless communications to exchange data
about a vehicle’s speed, location, and direction.
6) A vehicle-to-everything (V2X) system is a wireless communication system that allows
vehicles to communicate with each other, as well as with infrastructure and other devices. The
system is designed to improve road safety and efficiency by reducing traffic blocking and
accidents. V2X systems use dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) to exchange data
such as speed, location, and direction. In September 2019, the U.S. Department of Transportation
Mobile communications, also known as mobile telecommunication or cellular communication,
refers to the technology and infrastructure that enable wireless communication between devices
over a network of base stations or cell towers. Here are the fundamental concepts of mobile
communications:
1.Wireless Spectrum: Wireless communication relies on the use of electromagnetic spectrum,
a range of frequencies allocated for various types of wireless services. Different frequency
bands are used for different purposes, such as voice communication, data transmission, and
broadcasting.

2.Cellular Architecture: Mobile networks are divided into cells, each served by a base station
or cell tower. These cells collectively cover a geographical area, and as users move from one
cell to another, their communication is handed off seamlessly between adjacent cells.

3.Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA): FDMA is a technique where the available
frequency spectrum is divided into multiple channels, with each channel dedicated to a specific
user or communication link. This division minimizes interference between different users.
Analog FM (Frequency Modulation) radio broadcasting is an example of an FDMA system.
FDMA allows multiple radio stations to transmit simultaneously over the available frequency
spectrum without interfering with each other. Each station is allocated its own frequency band,
and listeners can select the station they want to listen to by tuning to the corresponding
frequency.
1.Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA): TDMA divides the available frequency spectrum
into time slots, with each user assigned a specific time slot for transmission. This allows multiple
users to share the same frequency by transmitting in different time intervals.

GSM(Global System for Mobile Communications) make use of TDMA allows for efficient use
of the radio frequency spectrum, enabling multiple users to communicate simultaneously without
interference. While GSM primarily uses TDMA for voice communication

2.Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): CDMA is a technique where each user is assigned a
unique code, allowing multiple users to share the same frequency simultaneously. The codes are
used to distinguish between different users' signals, making it possible to transmit and receive
multiple signals on the same frequency.
In a CDMA2000 network, each user's data is encoded and spread across the entire frequency
band using their unique code. The receiver then correlates the received signal with the
appropriate code to recover the user's data. This encoding and decoding process allows multiple
users to share the same spectrum efficiently and with minimal interference, making CDMA a
robust and widely used multiple access technique in wireless

3.Modulation: Modulation is the process of encoding information onto a carrier signal by

varying its characteristics, such as amplitude, frequency, or phase. Common modulation
techniques include Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM), and Phase Shift
Keying (PSK).
4.Handover: Handover (also known as handoff) is the process of transferring an on-going call or
data session from one cell to another as a user moves within the network. This is done to
maintain continuous connectivity and optimize signal quality.
Mobile data refers to the digital information that is transmitted and
received over a mobile network, allowing users to access the internet,
send and receive emails, use apps, stream videos, and more, using their
mobile devices. It is a fundamental aspect of modern mobile
communication and is used for a wide range of activities on
smartphones, tablets, and other portable devices.
 Introduction to Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi, short for "Wireless Fidelity," is a technology that enables devices to wirelessly connect to
the internet and communicate with each other using radio waves. It's a common method of
wireless networking used in homes, offices, public spaces, and various other settings. Wi-Fi
technology is based on the IEEE 802.11 family of standards. Here are the key points to
understand about Wi-Fi:
1.Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN): Wi-Fi creates a wireless local area network,
allowing devices within a certain range to connect to each other and to the internet without the
need for physical cables.
2.Access Points (APs): Wi-Fi networks consist of access points, also known as routers or
wireless routers. These devices transmit and receive data wirelessly, acting as the central point
of communication for connected devices.
3.Frequency Bands: Wi-Fi operates on different frequency bands, including 2.4 GHz and 5
GHz. The 2.4 GHz band has a longer range but can be more congested due to its popularity.
The 5 GHz band offers higher data speeds but has a shorter range.
4.Channels: Each frequency band is divided into channels, which are designated frequencies for
Wi-Fi communication. Devices can connect to specific channels within a frequency band to
avoid interference from other devices.
5.Encryption and Security: Wi-Fi networks can be secured using encryption protocols such as
WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2) or WPA3. These protocols encrypt the data being transmitted
over the network to prevent unauthorized access.
6.SSID (Service Set Identifier): The SSID is the name of the Wi-Fi network that devices use to
identify and connect to a specific network. Users select the desired network from a list of
available SSIDs.
1.Authentication and Passwords: Wi-Fi networks are often secured with a password. Users
must enter the correct password to connect to the network. This helps prevent unauthorized
access.
2.Wi-Fi Standards: The IEEE 802.11 family of standards defines various Wi-Fi technologies,
such as 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5), and 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6). Each
new standard typically offers improved data speeds, range, and efficiency.
3.Mesh Networks: Wi-Fi mesh networks consist of multiple access points that work together to
provide broader coverage and eliminate dead zones. Mesh networks are particularly useful in
larger spaces.
4.Hotspots: Wi-Fi hotspots are public areas where Wi-Fi connectivity is available to users. These
can be found in coffee shops, airports, hotels, railway stations and other public spaces.
5.Wi-Fi Direct: Wi-Fi Direct allows devices to connect to each other directly without the need
for an access point. This is useful for device-to-device communication, such as sharing files
between smartphones.
6.Roaming: Wi-Fi-enabled devices can automatically switch between different access points as a
user moves within a network. This is known as roaming and allows for continuous connectivity.
7.Dual-Band and Tri-Band Routers: Some routers support both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands,
known as dual-band routers. Tri-band routers add an additional 5 GHz band for even better
performance in crowded areas.
 Bluetooth Technology

Bluetooth technology is a wireless communication technology used for short-range connections

between devices. It enables data exchange and communication between devices without the
need for physical cables. Bluetooth is commonly used for connecting devices like smartphones,
laptops, headphones, speakers, smart watches, and various other gadgets.

Key features of Bluetooth Technology

1) Short-Range Communication: Bluetooth is designed for short-distance communication,
typically within a range of about 10 meters (33 feet). However, newer versions of Bluetooth can
achieve longer ranges.
2) Frequency Bands: Bluetooth operates within the 2.4 GHz frequency band, which is divided
into several channels to accommodate multiple devices without causing interference.
3) Low Power Consumption: Bluetooth technology is optimized for energy efficiency, making
it suitable for battery-powered devices like wireless headphones and IoT devices.
4) Pairing: Devices need to be paired before they can communicate. This involves establishing
a secure connection between the devices using a passkey or a confirmation process.
5) Profiles: Bluetooth profiles define the specific functionalities a device can offer. For
example, the Hands-Free Profile (HFP) is used for connecting phones and car kits.
6) Security: Bluetooth connections can be secured using encryption and authentication
mechanisms to protect data transmitted between devices.
7) Versions and Standards: Bluetooth technology has evolved over the years, with each version
introducing new features, improved data rates, and better compatibility. Some of the notable
versions include Bluetooth 1.x, 2.x, 3.0, 4.0, 4.2, 5.0, 5.1, and 5.2.
8) Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE): BLE, introduced with Bluetooth 4.0, is optimized for devices
that require minimal power consumption. It's commonly used in fitness trackers, smart watches,
and other IoT devices.

Oppo A52

Comms

Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac, dual-

WLAN
band, Wi-Fi Direct
Bluetooth 5.0