Basic Mechanical

Engineering
(IDE XXX)
Chapter : 3
Forces in Structures and Machines

Engr. M.Ebrahem
 Learning Objectives
 Break a Force down into its Rectangular and Polar
Components
 Determine Resultant of a System by Using the Vector
Algebra and Polygon Methods
 Calculate Moment of a Force using Perpendicular Lever
Arm and Moment Component Methods
 Understand the requirements for Equilibrium, and be able
to calculate Unknown Forces in Simple Structures and
Machines
 Explain the Circumstances in which one type of Rolling
Element Bearing would be selected for use over another,
and calculate the Forces acting on them
 Statics and
Forces
Machine
Components
 Overview
Physical
Quantities

Scalar Vector

Has Magnitude Has Magnitude

only and Direction
 Scalars and Vectors
 A Scalar Quantity has only Magnitude
 A Vector Quantity has both Magnitude and Direction

Scalar Quantities Vector Quantities

Length, Area, Speed, Force, Thrust, Lift, Drag,
Mass, Density, Pressure, Acceleration, Momentum,
Temperature, Energy, Weight, Displacement,
Velocity
Volume
Velocity
Volume
Speed Vis-à-vis Velocity
 Overview
 Subject of Mechanics
encompasses:-
 Forces
 Either cause Motion in an

Object or keep it Static

 Newton’s three laws of
motion are the fundamental
principles that form the
basis of Mechanics
 Lets have a quick Review:-
Newton’s First Law
Newton’s Second Law
Newton’s Third Law
 Forces
A force arises from the action (or reaction) of one body
on another
 Moment of Force
 The tendency of a force to
make an object rotate is called
a moment
 The moment of a force about
a point is equal to the product
of the magnitude of the force
and the perpendicular distance
from the point to the line of
action of the force
 The moment M of force F about
point O is given by:-
M=F.D
 Couple
 A couple is a special case of
a moment of a force and
arises from a pair of equal
and opposite parallel forces
acting on a body but not
through the same point
 If the two forces, F, act at a
distance d apart, then the
magnitude of couple C, about
any point, is given by:-
 Conversion Factors:
Units of Force in
USCS & SI

lb oz N

1 16 4.448

0.0625 1 0.2780

0.2248 3.597 1
Greek Alphabets
Greek Alphabets
 Resultant of Forces

 Bone of Contention

R
e
s
u
lt
a
n
t
 Forces in Rectangular
and Polar Forms
Rectangular Components
 Force vectors are denoted by using
boldface notation, as in F
 Influence of this Force can be
represented in terms of it’s
Horizontal and Vertical components
 First we set the Coordinates for 2-D
 Projection of F in the horizontal  The unit vectors i and j
direction (the x-axis) is called Fx, are used to indicate the
and the vertical projection ( y-axis) directions in which Fx
is called Fy and Fy act
 By assigning numerical values to Fx
and Fy, we have described
everything about the force F
 Forces in Rectangular
and Polar Forms
Polar Components
 Instead of describing a Force in
terms of how hard it pulls Rightward
and then Upward, we can tell how
hard the Force pulls and in which
direction
 F acts at an angle relative to
Horizontal axis
 Length of force vector is “scalar” or
simple numerical value and denoted  Be careful while
by determining which
quadrant
 Resultant of
Several Forces
 A Force System is collection of
Several Forces simultaneously
acting on a Structure or Machine
 Each Force is combined with
others to describe their net effect
 (According to Rules of Algebra)
 Summation of Forces can be
carried out by Two Methods
 Vector Algebra Method
 Each force is broken down into its horizontal and
vertical components
 We label these as and for the i th force

 The Resultant Force is expressed in the Vector Form

as:-

 Vector Polygon Method
 Alternative technique for finding the
cumulative influence of several forces
 Resultant of a force system can be found
by sketching a polygon to represent the
addition of the Fi vectors
 Magnitude and Direction of the
Resultant are determined by applying
rules of trigonometry to the polygon’s
geometry
 Vector polygon for those three forces is
drawn by adding the individual Fi’s in a
chain according to the “head-to-tail
rule”
 Trigonometry Review
 One Full Revolution around
a Circle corresponds to or
2 radians
 Trigonometry Review
 One Full Revolution around
a Circle corresponds to or
2 radians
 1 rad = 57.296 deg
 Trigonometry Review
 One Full Revolution around
a Circle corresponds to or
2 radians
 1 rad = 57.296 deg
 Right Angle = ?
 Right Angle Triangle
 Trigonometry Review
 One Full Revolution around
a Circle corresponds to or
2 radians
 1 rad – 57.296 deg
 Right Angle = ?
 Right Angle Triangle
 Trigonometry Review
 One Full Revolution around
a Circle corresponds to or
2 radians
 1 rad – 57.296 deg
 Right Angle = ?
 Right Angle Triangle
 Oblique Triangles
 Trigonometry Review
 One Full Revolution around
a Circle corresponds to or
2 radians
 1 rad – 57.296 deg
 Right Angle = ?
 Right Angle Triangle
 Oblique Triangles
 Trigonometry Review
 One Full Revolution around
a Circle corresponds to or
2 radians
 1 rad – 57.296 deg
 Right Angle = ?
 Right Angle Triangle
 Oblique Triangles
 Acute Angle Triangle
 Trigonometry Review
 One Full Revolution around
a Circle corresponds to or
2 radians
 1 rad – 57.296 deg
 Right Angle = ?
 Right Angle Triangle
 Oblique Triangles
 Acute Angle Triangle
 Obtuse Angle Triangle
Conversion Factors:
Units of Moment in
USCS & SI
 Moment of a Force
Perpendicular Leaver Arm Method
 The distance “d” is called
“Perpendicular Lever Arm”
 The term “torque” is sometimes used
interchangeably to describe the effect of
a force acting across a lever arm
 Generally the term Torque is used to
describe moments that cause rotation
of a shaft in a motor, engine, or gearbox
 Work and energy also have
dimensions that are the product of
force and length
 Moment has units of N.m in SI
 Line of Action
 Moment of a Force
Moment Component Method
 As a force is broken down into rectangular components, a
moment is sometimes calculated in terms of its components
 Moment is determined as sum of portions associated with two
components of force, rather than full resultant value of force
 Lever arms for individual components are often easier to find
than those for the entire resultant force
 Need to use a sign convention and keep track of whether the
contribution made by each moment component is clockwise or
counterclockwise
 Moment that tends to cause counterclockwise rotation is
positive
 Clockwise moment is negative
 Moment of a Force
Moment Component Method
 The force’s components Fx and Fy are
shown
 Individual lever arm distances for Fx
and Fy are calculated
 Moment about O becomes
M = -F Δy - F Δx
o x y

 Individual contributions to Mo are each

negative because both Fx and Fy tend
to cause clockwise rotation
 Moment of a Force
Moment Component Method
 The orientation of F has been
changed in this Figure
 Fx continues to exert a negative
moment, Fy now tends to cause
counterclockwise, or positive, rotation
about O
 The net moment becomes:-
When reporting an answer,
Mo = -Fx Δy + Fy Δx
be sure to state
 Here the two components combine in • Numerical value of
a destructive manner moment’s magnitude
 In using the moment components • The dimensions
method, we generally write:- • Direction i.e. clockwise or
Δx counterclockwise
 Equilibrium of Forces
and Moments
 Groundwork for the properties of forces and
moments is now in place
 Proceed to the task of calculating (unknown) forces
that act on structures and machines in response to
other (known) forces that are present
 Process involves applying the principles of static
equilibrium from Newton’s first law to:-
 Structures and machines that are stationary, or
 Moving at constant velocity
 In either case, no acceleration is present, and the
resultant force is zero
 Equilibrium of Forces
and Moments
Particles and Rigid Bodies
 A mechanical system can include:-
 Single object (e.g. an engine’s piston)
 Multiple objects that are connected (the
entire engine)
 Equilibrium of Forces
and Moments
Particles and Rigid Bodies
 A mechanical system can include:-
 Single object (e.g. an engine’s piston)
 Multiple objects that are connected (the entire engine)
 When the physical dimensions are unimportant with
respect to calculating forces, the object is called a particle
 Concept idealizes the system as being concentrated at a
single point
 For the purposes of solving problems, a particle can be
treated as having negligible dimensions
 On the other hand, if the length, width, and breadth of an
object are important for the problem at hand, it is called a
rigid body
 Equilibrium of Forces
and Moments
Particles and Rigid Bodies
 Looking at the motion of a
communications satellite as it orbits
the Earth, the spacecraft can be
regarded as a particle because its
dimensions are small compared to
the size of the orbit
 When the satellite is being launched
and engineers are interested in
aerodynamics and flight
characteristics of the rocket, the
launch vehicle would be modeled
as a rigid body
 Equilibrium of Forces
and Moments
Particles and Rigid Bodies
 A particle is in equilibrium if the forces acting on
it balance with zero resultant
 Forces combine as vectors, the resultant of the 𝑵

N forces that are present must be zero in two ∑ 𝑭 𝒙 ,𝒊 =𝟎

𝒊=𝟏
perpendicular directions 𝑁

 For a rigid body to be in equilibrium, the net ∑ 𝐹 𝑦 , 𝑖= 0

𝑖 =1
moment must also be zero
 The notation Mo,i is used to denote the
moment of the ith force that is present
 Mathematically, the equilibrium equations for a
rigid body comprise a system of three linear 𝑁
equations that involve the unknown forces ∑ 𝑀 𝑜 , 𝑖= 0
𝑖 =1
 Equilibrium of Forces
and Moments
Free Body Diagrams (FBDs)
 FBDs are sketches used to analyze the forces
and moments
 FBD identifies the mechanical system being
examined
 Represents all of the known and unknown forces
present
 Follow three main steps when drawing a free
body diagram
 Equilibrium of Forces
and Moments
Free Body Diagrams (FBDs)
 Select an object to be analyzed. Imagine
that a dotted line is drawn around the object
and note how the line would cut through and
expose various forces. Everything within the
dotted line is isolated from the surroundings
and should appear on the diagram.
 Next, the coordinate system is drawn to
indicate the positive sign conventions for
forces and moments
 All forces and moments are drawn and Y
labeled. These forces might represent
weight or contact between the free body and X
other objects that were removed when the
body was isolated.
 Rolling Element
Bearings
 Specific application to
mechanical design
 Bearings are used to hold
shafts that rotate relative to
fixed supports
 Bearings are classified into two
broad groups
 Rolling contact
 Journal
 Roller Contact
Bearings
 Comprise of:-
 An inner race
 An outer race
 Rolling elements in
the form of balls,
cylinders, or cones
 A separator that
prevents the rolling
elements from
rubbing against one
another
 Roller Bearings
Mechanism
 The shaft and the bearing’s inner
race rotate together
 The outer race and the case are
stationary
 As the shaft turns and transmits
power, perhaps in a geartrain or
transmission, the bearing could be
subjected to forces oriented either
along the shaft (a thrust force) or
perpendicular to it (a radial force)
 Types of Roller Bearings

 Ball Bearings
 Types of Roller Bearings

 Ball Bearing
 Straight roller bearings
 Types of Roller Bearings

 Ball Bearing
 Straight roller bearings
 Tapered roller bearings
 Example
 An electric motor is used to power
an exercise treadmill. Forces are
applied to the treadmill’s shaft by
the motor’s drive belt and by the
wide, flat belt that is the surface
used for walking or running. The
tight and loose spans of the drive
belt together apply 110 lb to the
shaft, and the treadmill’s belt
applies 70 lb. The shaft is
supported by ball bearings on each
side of the belt. Calculate the
magnitudes and directions of the
forces exerted by the shaft on the
two bearings.
 Example
 We are to find the forces
exerted from the two belts on
two bearings
 We assume that all forces act
parallel to the y-direction
 The free body diagram of the
shaft is drawn, along with the
sign conventions for the
coordinate directions and
rotation
 On the diagram, we first label
the 110-lb and 70-lb belt
tensions, and then we denote
the forces exerted by the
bearings on the shaft as and
 Example
 At this point, we don’t know
whether those unknown
forces act in the positive or
negative y-directions. By
drawing them on the free
body diagram using our
sign convention, we will
rely on the calculation to
determine actual direction
of the forces
Solution
There are two unknowns (and ), two equilibrium
equations are
needed to solve the problem
 Conclusion
 Engineering concepts of force systems, moments, and
equilibrium have been introduced
 We applied these concepts to determine the magnitudes and
directions of forces acting on simple structures and machines
 Engineers often perform a force analysis to see whether a
design will be feasible and safe
 Develop an ability to apply equations to physical problems
clearly and consistently
 Choosing the directions for coordinate axes, and picking the
best point for balancing moments are some of the choices that
you need to make
 Applied the concepts of force systems to several different
types of rolling element bearings that are used in machine
design
Thanks!