THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA
CH 3107
MATERIAL SCIENCE
Synthesis and Characterization of
Metals and Alloy
• In synthesis of metals and alloys, some factors
are considered in choosing the method used
in the process. The factors include
– The properties of the materials
– The size of material to be synthesized
– Shape of the finished piece
– Cost of the whole process
• Different synthesis technique are present.
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Processing-Fabrication
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Forming
Introduce plastic deformation
Forging
by using mechanical force
Types of forming
Hot: repeatable
Cold: good surface
finishing, mechanical
properties, expensive
Rolling Drawing
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Extrusion
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Rolling
The ingots are heated and hot-
rolled into slabs, billets, or
Thick metal sheet
blooms
The slabs are subsequently
hot- and cold-rolled into steel
sheet and plate
The billets are hot- and cold-
rolled into bars, rods, and wire
The blooms are hot- and cold-
rolled into shapes such as
beams and rails 02/08/2025 CH 3107 6
Casting
Moltensteel is either cast in stationary mold or
continuously cast into long slabs from which long
sections are periodically cut off (called ingot).
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Casting …..
Most popular High production rate
Ingot slab
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Powder met. & joining
Mostly used in metals with
high Tmp and low ductility 02/08/2025 CH 3107 9
Characterization of materials
• Characterization of materials is a central
necessity of modern material science.
• The characterization is quantitative and
qualitative methods.
• It involves examination of the spatial
distribution of grains, phases and minor
constituents, the crystal structure present,
nature and distribution of structural
imperfections.
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• Material characterization has two main
aspects
(1) Accurately measuring the physical and
chemical properties of materials.
(2) Accurately measuring (determining) the
structural of a material.
(a) atomic level structure
(b) microscopic level structure
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• A critical part of material science and
engineering is to study the relationship
between
(1) Properties of materials
(2) Structure and microstructures
(3) The process used to make the materials
(4) The ultimate performance of that materials
in use
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• In characterization of solid materials, three
types of characterization properties are
considered;
(a) Bulk elemental composition
(b) Structural properties
(c) Surface phenomena
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Bulk elemental composition
• The techniques are of two types.
(i) Dilsolution step
(ii) Directed solid analysis
• The dilsolution step techniques are based on
spectroscopic techniques. The techniques are
(i) Atomic absorption
(ii) ICP spectrometry
(iii) ICP mass spectra
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• The direct solid analysis are microscopic
techniques
(i) Microscopy
(ii) Electron microscopy (SEM and TEM)
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Structural properties techniques
• In characterization of the structural properties
some techniques used includes
(i) IR spectrum
(ii) UV-Vis spectrum
(iii) XRD
(iv) NMR
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Surface phenomena techniques
• In characterization of the surface properties
the techniques used includes
(i) Dynamic SIMS (Secondary ion mass
spectrometry)
(ii) Static SIMS
(iii) XPS
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• There are so many techniques used in characterization of
materials but the main ones are as follows
(a) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
(b) Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
(c) X-ray diffraction
(d) Scanning Tunneling microscope
(e) Atomic force microscope (AFM)
(f) Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR)
(g) UV-Vis spectroscopy
(h) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
(i) Thermal analysis
i. Thermo Gravimetry analysis (TGA)
ii. Deriative thermo-gravimetry analysis (DTA)
iii. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
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The following techniques are covered in lecture notes provided
1) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
2) Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
3) Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA)
4) Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)
5) Atomic force microscope (AFM)
6) Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
7) BET
8) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
9) Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)
10) Ultraviolet- visible spectroscopy (UV- Vis)
11) X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
12) X-Ray diffraction (XRD)
13) X-Ray florescent(XRF)
14) TGA
NOTE: Pass through all the important aspects.
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THANK YOU
THE END
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