CORRELATIONAL
ANALYSIS
Ramon Paulo E. Masagca, RPm
OVERVIEW
Introduction
Pearson Correlation
Interpretation
Hypothesis tests
Alternatives
Intro to Regression
2023 Correlation 2
INTRODUCTION
Correlation is a statistical technique that is used to
measure and describe the relationship between two
variables.
Usually, the two variables in a correlational study are
simply observed as they exist naturally in the environment
—there is no attempt to control or manipulate the
variables.
20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 3
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A RELATIONSHIP
• Direction of the
relationship
• Positive correlation
• X increases ; Y
increases
• Negative correlation
• X increases ; Y
decreases
20XX 5
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A RELATIONSHIP
• Form of the
Relationship
• Linear form
• The points in the
scatter plot tend to
cluster around a
straight line.
20XX 6
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A RELATIONSHIP
• Strength of the Relationship
• Every time X increases by
one point, the value of Y
also changes by a
consistent and predictable
amount.
• Perfect correlation always
is identified by a correlation
of 1.00 and indicates a
perfectly consistent
relationship
20XX 7
PEARSON
CORRELATION
The Pearson correlation measures the degree and the
direction of the linear relationship between two variables.
It also measures how well the data points fit a straight line
20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 9
PEARSON CORRELATION
• Pearson correlation of
sample is identified by the
letter r. For population, e
Greek letter rho (p)
• If there is perfect linear
relationship, every change
in the X variable is
corresponded a change in
Y.
20XX 10
PEARSON CORRELATION
• Covariability
• It is the variability of X and Y
scores taken together
• AKA sum of products of
deviation (SP)
• Similar to sum of
squared deviation
scores (SS)
20XX 11
PEARSON CORRELATION
• Computation for SP
• Definitional Formula
• Find the X deviation and the Y
deviation for each individual.
• Find the product of the deviations
for each individual
• Add the products
20XX 12
PEARSON CORRELATION
• Computation for SP
• Computational Formula
• Compute for the notations
in the formula
20XX 13
PEARSON CORRELATION
• Computation for SP
• Computational Formula
• Compute for the notations
in the formula
20XX 14
PEARSON CORRELATION
• Calculation of the Pearson Correlation
• The formula is a ratio of covariability of
X and Y with variability of X and Y
separately.
20XX 15
PEARSON CORRELATION
• Calculation of the Pearson Correlation
• The formula is a ratio of covariability of
X and Y with variability of X and Y
separately.
20XX 16
PEARSON CORRELATION
• Calculation of the Pearson Correlation
• The formula is a ratio of covariability of
X and Y with variability of X and Y
separately.
Directio
n
Strength
20XX 17
PEARSON CORRELATION
• Use of Correlation
• Prediction
• Validity
• Reliability
• Theory Verification
20XX
PEARSON CORRELATION
• Correlation and Restricted Range
• For example, Intelligence (X) and Creativity
Rel. (Y)
of X and
Rel. of X and Y
Y of
of adults
adolescents
20XX
PEARSON CORRELATION
• Correlation and Outliers
• Presence of outliers greatly affect the r
20XX
PEARSON CORRELATION
20XX
PEARSON CORRELATION
• Spurious correlation
• two variables are correlated but not causally (or
logically related)
• For example
• Number of exes x “There is true love”
• -0.13
• Size of feet x “There is true love”
• r = -0.21
PEARSON CORRELATION
PEARSON CORRELATION
PEARSON CORRELATION
PEARSON CORRELATION
PEARSON CORRELATION
PEARSON CORRELATION
• Steps in Hypothesis Testing
• Know the research assumption, r, and n
• Know whether directional or nondirectional
assumption
• Write the null and alternative hypothesis
• Solve for t-statistics
• See if the t-statistics is in the critical value
• Decide: reject the null hypothesis or reject the null
hypothesis
PEARSON CORRELATION
• A researcher assumed that intelligence and
creativity are correlated with each other.
After running correlational analysis, the is r
= -0.39 for a sample of n = 25 individuals.
Check if the r is significant.
PEARSON CORRELATION
You should obtain t(23) =
2.03. With a critical value of t
= 2.069 for p > 0.05, the
correlation is not significant.
PEARSON CORRELATION
For a 3+ in final examination,
create a spreadsheet that
computes for “r” and checks
for its significance.
