COLLEGE OF

TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
BSc. Program - Year 3rd year
civil
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF

ARCHITECTURE
What is the term ‘Architecture’ mean?
1.1 Introduction to
Architecture
People need places for their activity
and safety.
• These activities take place in
buildings

Architecture
• The Art and Science of
designing buildings and
habitable structures
‘Architect’
-Is a person who acts in the preparation of
architectural design
-In a design team his basic role is coordination &
leadership
 1.2. Related Disciplinary
courses with Architecture

A. Civil Engineering

• Practical application of
science and math in the
design of structures like road,
bridge, dam etc

Civil (Structural) Engineer

• prepare a design for
structural parts of a building
/structural design/
B. Electrical
Engineering

Design and manufacture of

systems and devices that
use electric power and
signals such as Switches,
sockets, light points, water
pump

Electrical Engineer
A person who prepares a
design for all Electrical
installation system.
C. Mechanical
Engineering
Design and prepare all types
of machineries & mechanical
systems for a building

It includes mechanical
systems like
Elevators, escalators,
heating, cooling, ventilation
ducts e.t.c

Mechanical Engineer
who prepares a design for
mechanical installation
system.
D. Sanitary Engineering

Prepare and participate in the design

of water supply, drainage and
sewerage installation systems in a
building.

Sanitary Engineer

who prepares a design for all sanitary

installation system.
Other Disciplines

In a design of more advanced and complex

buildings like museums, cinemas, meeting halls,
hotels e.t.c may involve

• Light Engineer
• Acoustical Engineer
• Interior Architect/designer
• Landscape Architect etc .
 HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
History of architecture
History of Architecture is the study about art and
science of design and construction for the typical
period of history in various places in the world.
History of Architecture Classifications:
The Historical classification based on the period/era.
Pre- historic architecture:
•From the origins of mankind (ice age) period to the
beginnings of recorded history.
•It belongs to stone, bronze and iron age.
Pre-classical architecture:
•Was found in the fertile valley of the Nile.
•Belongs to 3rd millennium of before Christ.
Example
•Egyptian and
•Mesopotamians architecture.
Classical architecture
Neo-Classical architecture
Renaissance architecture(after 1750) See historically
Modern architecture(after half of 18th c) Architectural
styles in CH 2
Pre- historic architecture
MATERIALS
Animal skins, wooden frames, animal
bones
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
Existing or excavated caves
Pre-classical architecture Classical architecture
 Made of crude brick  Decoration or ornamentation
 One or two story high  Symmetrical balance
 Flat roof deck  Crafts and relief
Evolution of human shelter
The construction of Third generation
Some countries contributed
For architecture
Greece China
Rome Britain
France Japan
Indian Spanish
Japan ……
Paris
Egypt
Ethiopia
Italy
America
NEED TO STUDY HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
History of architecture helps us
 The various periods of stage of historic development.
 Way of life & Nature of construction
 Type of building materials
 Development of built forms, Ornamentation styles, structural
solutions & constructional methods.
 Organization in relation to technological, environmental factors
sociological, aesthetic, and artistic influences.
B. Architectural thoughts and victims

 Professional known Architects in the world has

their own architectural philosophies and
criticism based on their architectural
perspective.
 This helps for the architectural development in
a qualified manner through the time. Specially,
it is visualized in the modern architecture.
C. AIMS OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

Architecture has three basic aims

a) Function (better specious),
b) Aesthetics (satisfying the sense of artistic.)
c) Structure (strong structure )

We will discuss this

THREE terms in
detail in CH 3
 1.4 Quality and styles of
Architecture
A. Quality of Architecture
It is the specialty or uniqueness of architecture to
be progressed and developed passing through
different challenges historically.
These are;
•Strength – continuity of architectural works
•Vitality – to be existed forever
•Unity – inclination to be considered as a whole
•Restraint- keep some limitations and
modifications
•Refinement- to be simplified
•Response- problem solving
•Grace- oddness
•Scale- size and proportion

•Pictorial setting- visualization arrangement

•Background- frames or boundaries of the figure
ground
•Expression of progression- transmission of
messages
 Styles of architecture
Architectural style is a way of classifying
architecture mostly by the morphological
characteristics.
Such as;
◦ Form
◦ Techniques
◦ Materials
Architectural style gives emphasis to
characteristic features of design, leading to a
terminology such as “Gothic” style.
1. Neolithic Architecture
 known as “Stone-Age”
architecture contains some of
the oldest known structures
 used mainly mud-brick & stones
to construct houses and villages.
 2. Egyptian Architecture

 Due to lack of wood most

Egyptian architecture was made
with mud-brick and stone.
 Minerals included sandstone,
limestone, and granite, which
were generally used for tombs
and temples& pyramids
3. Neoclassical Architecture
have these features:
• Symmetrical building
treatment
• Tall columns that rise the
full height of the building
• Triangular Pavement
• Dome roofing
• Clean, elegant lines
• Organized appearance
• Free standing columns
• Massive buildings
 4. Roman Architecture
Adopted from Greek classical architecture.
Constructed with new structural principles like
Development of the archs, vaults & a new
building materials, concrete.
 5. Gothic Architecture
 Pointed arch was introduced for
both visual and structural
reasons.
 Have stained-glass window
styles
 Channels weight onto the
bearing columns at a steep
angle.
6. Renaissance
 Gothic Architecture
cathedrals could be
highly decorated with
statues(pic)
•15th & c.
-early 17th paintings.
in different
regions of Europe.
•The Renaissance style places
emphasis on symmetry,
proportion, geometry and the
regularity of parts
 7. Modern Architecture
 the 20th century styles.
 Used materials such as iron, steel, concrete, and glass.
 The most commonly used materials are glass for the
facade, steel for exterior support.
 Modern architecture seen in most skyscrapers.

 Modern architecture is
usually characterized
by:▪
◦ a rejection of historical
styles(ornamentation) as a source of
architectural form (historicism)
◦ an adoption of the principle that the
materials and functional requirements
 8. Post- Modern Architecture
•Began as American style whose first
examples are generally cited as being from
the 1960s
•Diverse aesthetics, styles collide.

•Postmodernists feel buildings fail unless to

meet the human need for comfort both for
body and for the eye.
•In addition, Most post-modernists works are
small buildings such as houses and stores.
 1.5 Landscape Architecture
Landscape Architecture is
concerned with design of land and water
to be used by the society, which is a
reflection of dynamic, natural and social
systems.
Historically, there are four definable
practices & related types with
landscape arch’re.
a) Landscape evaluation and planning
b) Site planning
c) Detailed landscape design
d) Urban design
Major challenges to be solved in
landscape Arch. are natural hazards,
disasters and environmental
conditions like Erosion flood,
earthquakes, creates land cracks
usually.

solutions to be taken for those

challenges;
Construction of dams
Retaining wall construction

Related terms to landscape
Arch’re
Earth’s natural system includes;
Networks-how life and planetary system are
connected to each-other
Cycles- how matter gets used over and over
again
Flows- how matter and energy move from
place to place
Sustainable
Balance- how architecture;
change is regulated.
Creating suitable condition for the natural
environment without affecting the above
systems.

expresses the development that meets

the need of the present without
Green building is the practice of use of green
resources in our building namely;
 energy
material and
water with increased efficiency
in buildings;
Recycling is the practice of recovering
used materials from waste stream and then
incorporating those same materials into
manufacturing process.
Vernacular architecture is a category of
architecture based on local needs,
construction materials and reflecting local
traditions.