Chapter 6:
Network Layer
CHAPTER 6 - SECTIONS &
OBJECTIVES
6.1 Network Layer Protocols
• Explain how network layer protocols and services support communications across data networks
• Describe the purpose of the network layer in data communication.
• Explain why the IPv4 protocol requires other layers to provide reliability.
• Explain the role of the major header fields in the IPv4 packet.
• Explain the role of the major header fields in the IPv6 packet.
6.2 Routing
• Explain how routers enable end-to-end connectivity in a small to medium-sized business network.
• Explain how network devices use routing tables to direct packets to a destination network.
• Compare a host routing table to a routing table in a router.
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CHAPTER 6 - SECTIONS &
OBJECTIVES (CONT.)
6.3 Routers
• Explain how devices route traffic in a small to medium-sized business
network
• Describe the common components and interface of a router.
• Describe the boot-up process of a Cisco IOS router.
6.4 Configuring a Cisco Router
• Configure a router with basic configurations.
• Configure initial settings on a Cisco IOS router.
• Configure two active interfaces on a Cisco IOS router.
• Configure devices to use the default gateway
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6.1 NETWORK LAYER
PROTOCOLS
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NETWORK LAYER IN COMMUNICATIONS
THE NETWORK LAYER
• The network layer, which resides at OSI Layer 3,
provides services that allow end devices to
exchange data across a network.
• The network layer uses four processes in
order to provide end-to-end transport:
• Addressing of end devices – IP addresses must be
unique for identification purposes.
• Encapsulation – The protocol data units from the
transport layer are encapsulated by adding IP header
information including source and destination IP
addresses.
• Routing – The network layer provides services to direct
packets to other networks. Routers select the best path
for a packet to take to its destination network.
• De-encapsulation – The destination host de-
encapsulates the packet to see if it matches its own.
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NETWORK LAYER
IN
COMMUNICATIONS
NETWORK LAYER
PROTOCOLS
• There are several network layer
protocols in existence; however,
the most commonly implemented
are:
• Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
• Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
Note: Legacy network layer protocols
are not discussed in this course.
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CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE IP
PROTOCOL
ENCAPSULATING IP
• At the network layer, IP encapsulates
the transport layer segment by adding
an IP header for the purpose of
delivery to the destination host.
• The IP header stays the same from
the source to the destination host.
• The process of encapsulating data
layer by layer enables the services at
different layers to scale without
affecting other layers.
• Routers implement different network
layer protocols concurrently over a
network and use the network layer
packet header for routing.
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CHARACTERISTIC
S OF THE IP
PROTOCOL
CHARACTERISTICS
OF IP
• IP was designed as a protocol with
low overhead – it provides only the
functions required to deliver a packet
from the source to a destination.
• An IP packet is sent to the destination
without prior establishment of a
connection
• IP was not designed to track and
manage the flow of packets.
• These functions, if required, are
performed by other layers – primarily TCP
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CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE IP
PROTOCOL
IP - CONNECTIONLESS
• IP is a connectionless protocol:
• No dedicated end-to-end connection is
created before data is sent.
• Very similar process as sending
someone a letter through snail mail.
• Senders do not know whether or not the
destination is present, reachable, or
functional before sending packets.
• This feature contributes to the low
overhead of IP.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE IP PROTOCOL
IP – BEST EFFORT
DELIVERY
IP is a Best Effort Delivery
protocol:
• IP is considered “unreliable”
because it does not guarantee that
all packets that are sent will be
received.
• Unreliable means that IP does not
have the capability to manage and
recover from undelivered, corrupt, or
out of sequence packets.
• If packets are missing or not in the
correct order at the destination,
upper layer protocols/services must
resolve these issues.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE IP PROTOCOL
IP – MEDIA
•
INDEPENDENT
IP operates independently from the media
that carries the data at lower layers of the
protocol stack – it does not care if the media
is copper cables, fiber optics or wireless.
• The OSI data link layer is responsible for
taking the IP packet and preparing it for
transmission over the communications
medium.
• The network layer does have a maximum
size of the PDU that can be transported –
referred to as MTU (maximum transmission
unit).
• The data link layer tells the network layer
the MTU.
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IPV4 PACKET
IPV4 PACKET HEADER
• An IPv4 packet header consists of the fields
containing binary numbers. These numbers
identify various settings of the IP packet
which are examined by the Layer 3
process.
• Significant fields include:
• Version – Specifies that the packet is IP version 4
• Differentiated Services or DiffServ (DS) – Used to
determine the priority of each packet on the
network.
• Time-to-Live (TTL) – Limits the lifetime of a
packet
– decreased by one at each router along the way.
• Protocol – Used to identify the next level
protocol.
• Source IPv4 Address – Source address of the
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packet.
• Destination IPv4 Address – Address
IPV6 PACKET
LIMITATIONS OF IPV4
• IPv4 has been updated to address new challenges.
• Three major issues still exist with IPv4:
• IP address depletion – IPv4 has a limited number of unique
public IPv4 addresses available. Although there are about
4 billion IPv4 addresses, the exponential growth of new IP-
enabled devices has increased the need.
• Internet routing table expansion – A routing table contains
the routes to different networks in order to make the best
path determination. As more devices and servers are
connected to the network, more routes are created. A
large number of routes can slow down a router.
• Lack of end-to-end connectivity – Network Address
Translation (NAT) was created for devices to share a
single IPv4 address. However, because they are shared,
this can cause problems for technologies that require end-
to-end connectivity.
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IPV6 PACKET
INTRODUCING IPV6
• In the early „90s, the IETF started looking
at a replacement for IPv4 – which led to
IPv6.
• Advantages of IPv6 over IPv4
include:
• Increased address space – based on
128-bit addressing vs. 32-bit with IPv4
• Improved packet handling – fewer fields with
IPv6 than IPv4
• Eliminates the need for NAT – no need to
share addresses with IPv6
• There are roughly enough IPv6 addresses
for every grain of sand on Earth.
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ENCAPSULATING
IPV6
• The IPv6 header is simpler than the IPv4 header. IPv6 Packet
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IPV6 PACKET
ENCAPSULATING IPV6
(CONT.)
• Advantages of IPv6 over IPv4 using the simplified header:
• Simplified header format for efficient packet handling
• Hierarchical network architecture for routing efficiency
• Autoconfiguration for addresses
• Elimination of need for network address translation (NAT) between private
and public addresses
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IPV6 PACKET
IPV6 PACKET HEADER
• IPv6 packet header fields:
• Version – Contains a 4-bit binary value set to
0110 that identifies it as a IPv6 packet.
• Traffic Class – 8-bit field equivalent to the
IPv4 Differentiated Services (DS) field.
• Flow Label – 20-bit field suggests that all
packets with the same flow label receive the
same type of handling by routers.
• Payload Length – 16-bit field indicates the
length of the data portion or payload of the
packet.
• Next Header – 8-bit field is equivalent to the
IPv4 Protocol field. It indicates the data payload
type that the packet is carrying.
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IPV6 PACKET
IPV6 PACKET HEADER (CONT.)
• IPv6 packet header fields:
• Hop Limit – 8-bit field replaces the IPv4 TTL field.
This value is decremented by 1 as it passes
through each router. When it reaches zero, the
packet is discarded.
• Source IPv6 Address – 128-bit field that
identifies the IPv6 address of the sending host.
• Destination IPv6 Address – 128-bit field that
identifies the IPv6 address of the receiving host.
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6.2
ROUTING
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HOW A HOST
ROUTES • An important role of the network
HOST FORWARDING layer is to direct packets between
hosts. A host can send a packet
DECISION to:
• Itself
• Local host
• Remote host
The source IPv4 address and subnet
mask is compared with the
destination address and subnet
mask in order to determine if the
host is on the local network or
remote network.
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HOW A HOST ROUTES
Default Gateway
• This occurs when the
destination host is not on the
same local network as the
sending host.
• The default gateway will know
where to send the packet using
its routing table.
• The sending host does not
need to know where to send
the packet other than to the
default gateway – or router.
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HOW A HOST ROUTES
HOST ROUTING TABLES
• On a Windows host, you can
display the routing table
using:
• route print
• netstat -r
• Three sections will be
displayed:
• Interface List – Lists the Media
Access Control (MAC) address and
assigned interface number of
network interfaces on the host.
• IPv4 Route Table – Lists all known
IPv4 routes.
• IPv6 Route Table – Lists all known
IPv6 routes.
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ROUTER ROUTING TABLES
ROUTER PACKET FORWARDING
DECISION
• When a router receives a packet
destined for a remote network, the
router has to look at its routing
table to determine where to
forward the packet. A
router‟s routing table
contains:
• Directly
• Remote routes
• Default route
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ROUTER ROUTING TABLES
IPV4 ROUTER ROUTING • On a Cisco IOS router, the show
TABLE ip route command is used to
display
the router‟s IPv4 routing table.
The
routing table shows:
• Directly connected and remote
routes
• How each route was learned
• Trustworthiness and rating of
the route
• When the route was last
updated
• Which interface is used to
reach the destination
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ROUTER ROUTING TABLES
DIRECTLY CONNECTED ROUTING
TABLE ENTRIES •
When a router interface is
configured and activated,
the following two routing
table entries are created
automatically:
•C
•L
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ROUTER ROUTING TABLES
UNDERSTANDING REMOTE
• 10.1.1.0/24 identifies the
ROUTE ENTRIES destination network.
• 90 is the administrative distance
for the corresponding network – or
the trustworthiness of the route.
2170112 – represents the metric or
value assigned to reach the remote
network.
• 209.165.200.226 – Next-hop or IP
address of the next router to forward
the packet.
• 00:00:05 - Route Timestamp
identifies when the router was last
heard from.
• Serial/0/0/0 – Outgoing Interface
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Thank
You:
Manuel Ampoloquio Claudel
Iryl May Versoza Balajay
