Title: Performance
Evaluation of Structures
Constructed at Differential
Foundation Levels
Submitted by:
Insaph Angdembe (THA077BCE052) Submitted to:
Nischal Raj Timilsina (THA077BCE078)
Pawan Bhandari (THA077BCE081)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Prabesh Pathak (THA077BCE082)
Pratham Acharya (THA077BCE091)
Pratham Pudasaini (THA077BCE092)
Project Supervisor:
Shrutee Karna
Introduction: The Challenge of Uneven
Ground
Uneven topography presents a challenge for construction.
Building on slopes or with varying soil conditions requires special considerations.
Differential foundation systems are employed to address these challenges.
https://www.expertsmind.com/topic/depth-of-foundation/
foundation-at-different-levels-916382.aspx
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-diagram-for-footing-located-on-crest-of-slope-
and-resting-on-slope-face_fig1_333157453
https://buildinghow.com/en-us/Products/Books/Volume-A/The-structural-frame/Structural-frame-elements/Foundation
The Importance of Performance Evaluation
Differential foundations are crucial for safe and sustainable construction on uneven
ground.
Evaluating their performance is critical for ensuring structural integrity and longevity.
Understanding their behavior allows for improved design and construction practices.
Research Gap: Addressing the Need for
Knowledge
Traditional structural evaluation methods are well-established for buildings with level
foundations.
A comprehensive understanding of their overall performance under varied conditions is
lacking.
Our research aims to address this gap.
Research Objectives
To study the settlement of residential buildings constructed on isolated
footing at different level.
To analyze the seismic reaction of residential buildings constructed on
isolated footing at different level using Etabs and SAFE.
To study soil-structure interaction i.e., Effect of soil on residential
building constructed at different foundation level.
Literature Review
Pavan Parashram Belgaonkar & Prof. Rajendra J. Thakai studied a 4 storied
building and its foundation was analyzed on E tabs and SAFE. The Modulus of
Elasticity & the Settlement are inversely proportional to each other. (Pavan
Parashram Belgaonkar, Prof. Rajendra J. Thakai, 2016)
The paper written by R ROY et al. came to conclusion that the soil-structure
interaction i.e., settlement may considerably increase the design axial force and
moment in corner columns of building frames with isolated footings.(R ROY, S C
DUTTA, 2001)
Neeru K. C.& Khet Raj Dahal in 2020 investigated the soil properties of different
places in the Kathmandu valley. This investigation of soil bearing capacity helps
in determining the design of the foundation of any structure. (Neeru K. C., Khet
Raj Dahal, 2020)
The authors R. Acharyya & A. Dey found that bearing capacity of footing in slope
increases with the increase in the angle of internal friction, embedment depth of the footing
and with footing width for footing resting on sloping ground, but bearing capacity reduces
with the increase of slope angle. (R. Acharyya, A. Dey, 2017)
Dr. S. A. Halkudel et al. studied the seismic response of a structure Soil Structure
Interaction (SSI) and from the analysis Natural period, Roof displacement, Base shear,
Beam moment and Column moment was observed to be increasing with increase in soil
flexibility. (Dr. S. A. Halkude, Mr. M. G. Kalyanshetti, Mr. S. H. Kalyani, 2014)
METHODOLOGY
• Feasibility Study
• Method & Procedure
Feasibility Study
Technical Feasibility
Operational Feasibility
Legal Feasibility
Technical feasibility
As the aim of this project is to evaluate the performance of the structure constructed at
differential foundation level, so different software and the instrument are required. To find
the soil properties, evaluation of the settlement, seismic reaction can be done by using
following resources.
Software requirement
ETABS:
ETABS is an engineering software used for structural analysis and design, including shear
wall analysis & design and elastic shortening computation. It offers different function such
as:
• 3D Modelling
• Structural Analysis
• Design Optimization
• Integration with Building Information Modelling (BIM)
SAFE
SAFE is an engineering software used for the analysis and design of foundation
systems, including mat foundations, slabs-on-grade, pile caps, and retaining walls.
Various function which are offered by the SAFE:
Foundation Design
Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
Soil-Structure Interaction
Load Transfer Mechanisms
Instrument Requirement
Before constructing any building, it's very important to perform various soil test to
ensure the safety and stability of the structure. So different types of instruments are
needed to conduct such test, mainly we must find the soil profile, bearing capacity, and
other engineering properties.
To find out the bulk density mostly core cutter is used.
To find the specific gravity of soil pycnometer is used.
To find the bearing capacity of soil plate load test is used.
And other different test may be needed while investigating the soil so these types of
tests should be performed to find the different soil properties and above-mentioned
instrument will be required.
Operational Feasibility
While analysing the performance of structure constructed in differential foundation
level there may arise thoughts about whether the execution of a project can be done
within the available resources, time, and technical capabilities. During the operation
many factors such as access to the site, data collection methods, safety consideration,
analysis tools should be considered. With the consideration of these factor we can meet
our objective/ requirements.
Legal Feasibility
As our project required the plan of the residential or commercial building along with the
site investigation including the samples of soil so it may create the uneasiness about the
privacy, but we will assure you that the privacy of our client will be maintain.
Method & Procedure
While conducting the research on ‘Performance Evaluation of Structures with
Differential Foundation’ its procedure comprises of research on previous articles
related to this topic, field survey, lab test if necessary along with modelling with
software and data analysis.
The research will be conducted mainly based on following phases:
• Literature Review.
• Proper site selection.
• Methodical data collection.
• Numerical modelling and simulation.
• Data analysis and interpretation.
The detailed flow chart to explain procedure of the project is shown in the next
slide:
Define the research problems, aim
and objective
• Previously published research articles
Literature Review related to our topic on Google scholar.
• Study of conclusion of various articles.
• Structures on sloping ground.
Site Selection • Structures built on different soil types.
• Commercial as well as residential structures.
• Data obtained form field inspection by
Primary Data researcher such as visible cracks, deflection
Data Collection Collection and deformation in structure.
• Temperature, humidity and precipitation.
Secondary Data • Architectural drawings, Geotechnical data,
Collection recorded seismic data of field.
• Usage of software like ETABS and SAFE.
Numerical Modelling • Reaction of differential settlement and seismic forces on models.
and Simulation • Attention to failures, stress distribution and deformations.
• Study soil-structure interaction
• Evaluation of serviceability standards, cracking and deflections.
Data Analysis and • Comparison of simulation result with field observed data.
Interpretation • Evaluation of mitigating measures for differential settlement and
seismic forces.
Research Recommendations
and Conclusion
TIME FRAME OF STUDY
Gantt Chart
Figure: Gant chart showing the time frame of study
Availability of
Proposal Review Data Collection Validation of
and Approval Tools Obtained Results
Research
Literature Data
Introduction Data Analysis
Review Collection
and Planning
Final Writing Review and Writing and
Submission
and Editing Feedback Drafting
Submission of Preparation of Revisions Based
Final Report and Final Report on Feedback
Project Defense
Conclusion and Expected
Outcome
The proposal presented here considered the various method of
analysing the performance of the structure as it considered the
earthquake risk, settlement of the buildings and the effects of the soil
properties on the structure. With the help of the above-mentioned
methodology, we can ensure the long-term performance and safety of
the buildings. By collecting the fields data, numerical simulation and
data analysis we can provide valuable insights on the seismic
reaction of foundation constructed on slope having certain soil.
Similarly, the role of dimension and depth of embedment of footing
on the superstructure can be provided for improving design and
construction practices of foundation and structure in Nepal. Likewise,
we can expect to see the relationship between settlement and the
soil condition along with its effect to the superstructure.
Reference
Pavan Parashram Belgaonkar, Prof. Rajendra J. Thakai. (2016). Parametric Study on
Settlement of Isolated Footings. International Institute for Science, Technology and
Education (IISTE): E-Journals, 71-77.
R ROY, S C DUTTA. (2001). DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT AMONG ISOLATED
FOOTINGS OF BUILDING FRAMES: THE PROBLEM, ITS ESTIMATION AND
POSSIBLE MEASURES. International Journal Of Applied Mechanic and Engineering,
6(1), 165-186.
Neeru K. C., Khet Raj Dahal. (2020). Investigation of Soil at Different Locations of the
Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. American Journal of Science Engineering and Technology,
5(4), 167-182.
R. Acharyya, A. Dey. (2017). Finite Element Investigation of the Bearing Capacity of
Square. Indian National Academy of Engineering , 97-105.
Dr. S. A. Halkude, Mr. M. G. Kalyanshetti, Mr. S. H. Kalyani. (2014). Soil Structure
Interaction Effect on Seismic Response of R.C. Frames with Isolated Footing. International
Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 3(1), 2767- 2775.
Dr. B. C. Punmia, Ashok Kumar Jain, Arun Kumar Jain . (2005). Soil Mechanics &
Foundation. New Delhi: Laxmi Publisher(P) Ltd.
