2nd lecture
,Basic Thermodynamics
:Fluid Mechanics
Definitions of Efficiency
The equation of continuity
(cn is the normal velocity component to the flow surface)
If A1 and A2 are the flow areas at stations 1 and 2 along a passage respectively, then
The first law of thermodynamics - internal energy
During a change of state from 1 to 2, there is a change in the property internal energy,
For an infinitesimal change of state
The steady flow energy equation
The momentum equation- Newton’s second law of motion
This equation is the one-dimensional form of the steady flow momentum equation.
Euler’s equation of motion
Bernoulli’s equation
Moment of momentum
For a system of mass m, the vector sum of the moments of all external forces acting on the
system about some arbitrary axis A A fixed in space is equal to the time rate of change of
angular momentum of the system about that axis, i.e.
where r is distance of the mass centre from the axis of rotation measured along
the normal to the axis and c the velocity component mutually perpendicular to
both the axis and radius vector r.
For a control volume the law of moment of
momentum can be obtained. The figure
shows the control volume enclosing the rotor
of a generalized turbomachine. Swirling fluid
enters the control volume at radius r 1 with
tangential velocity c1 and leaves at radius r2
with tangential velocity c2.
For one-dimensional steady flow
Euler’s pump and turbine equations
For a pump or compressor rotor running at angular velocity , the rate at which the rotor
does work on the fluid is
The work done on the fluid per unit mass or specific work, is
This equation is referred to as Euler’s pump equation.
For a turbine the fluid does work on the rotor and the sign for work is then reversed. Thus, the
specific work is
This equation is the Euler’s turbine equation.
Defining rothalpy
In a compressor or pump the specific work done on the fluid equals the rise in stagnation enthalpy.
Thus, combining the angular momentum equation with the energy equation we g et
After some rearranging of this equation and rewriting , we get
The function I has the name rothalpy, rotational stagnation enthalpy. As the value of rothalpy is
apparently unchanged between entry and exit of the impeller it is deduced that it must be constant
along the flow lines between these two stations. Thus, the rothalpy can be written generally as
The second law of thermodynamics- entropy
The property called entropy, for a finite change of state, is then defined as
Gibbs equation
For a system of mass m undergoing a reversible process dQ = dQR = mTds and
dW =dWR = mpdv. In the absence of motion, gravity and other effects the first
law of thermodynamics becomes
With h = u+ pv then dh = du + pdv + vdp and then
Definitions of efficiency
Efficiency of turbines
the overall efficiency 0
The isentropic efficiency t or hydraulic efficiency h for a turbine is,
the mechanical efficiency m, which is simply the ratio of shaft power to rotor power, is
For an incremental change of state through a turbomachine the steady flow energy equation
can be written as
From the second law of thermodynamics
rearranging
For a reversible adiabatic process
Steam and gas turbines
From Figure (a), neglecting the potential energy effect, the actual turbine rotor specific work is:
Similarly, the ideal turbine rotor specific work between the same two pressures is
Total-to-total efficiency
The turbine and stage adiabatic efficiency , is the total-to-total efficiency and is defined as
Total-to-static efficiency ts.
When the exhaust kinetic energy is not usefully employed and entirely wasted, the relevant adiabatic
efficiency is the total-to-static efficiency ts.
If the difference between inlet and outlet kinetic energies is small
Hydraulic turbines
The turbine hydraulic efficiency h, is defined as the work supplied by the rotor in unit time
divided by the hydrodynamic energy difference of the fluid per unit time,
