DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
FALLACY AND BIAS
PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON
MR RUEL L DELA CRUZ
TYPES OF REASONING
• DEDUCTIVE REASONING
• CONCLUSION COME FIRST FOLLOWED BY MAIN POINTS.
• LAST WILL BE FOLLOWED BY SUPPORTING DATA, FACTS, EXAMPLES
AND EVIDENCE. GENERAL TO SPECIFIC.
• INDUCTIVE REASONING
• SUPPORTING DATA, FACTS, EXAMPLES AND EVIDENCE COMES FIRST
FOLLOWED BY THE MAIN POINTS AND CONCLUSION.
ARGUMENTS- ARE SERIES OF STATEMENTS THT
PROVIDE EXLANATION T CONVINCE THE LISTENER OR
A READER THAT THE OPINION IS TRUTHFUL.
• TYPES OF ARGUMENTS
• 1. FALLACY OR FAKE ARGUMENTS ARE GROUP STATEMENTS THAT
APPEAR TO BE ARGUMENTS TO SUPPORT THE CONCLUSION.
• EXAMPLE
• THERE IS NO HOPE IN THE PHILLIPINE GOVERNMEMT, BECAUSE IT IS A
TROPICAL COUNTRY ( FALLACIOUS BECAUSE THERE IS NO CONNECTION OF
CLIMATE TO THE HOPE OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT.
• 2. BIAS – REFERS TO TENDENCIES OR INFLUENCES WHICH AFFECT THE
VIEWS OF THE PEOPLE WHEN LOOKING AT AN OPINION YOU MUST
BE AWARE OF BIAS SO THA YOU CAN OBJECTIVELY AND CRITICALLY
EXAMINED POINTS OF VIEW.
TYPES OF FALLACY
• 1. ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM- AN ARGUMENTUM AGAINST THE
PERSON, ATACKING THE PERSON INSTEAD OF THE ARGUMENT ITSELF.
• EXAMPLE: DO NOT LISTEN TO HIS OPINION, HE IS A FOOL
• 2. ARGUMENTUM AS BACULUM – AN APPEAL TO FORCE, USING THE
THREAT OF FORCE OF AN UNDESIRABLE EVENT TO ADVANCE AN
ARGUMENT.
• EXAMPLE: IF YOU DON’T LET ME WIN THE RACE, I CAN’T BE YOUR
FRIENDS ANYMORE. LETTING ME WIN THE RACE MAKES SENSE
D0N’T YOU THINK?
• 3. ARGUMENTUM AD MISERICORDIAM- AN APPEAL TO EMOTION,
USING EMOTIONS SUCH AS PITTY OR SYMPATHY, ONE MIGHT BE ABLE
TO CONVINCE THE PERSON.
• EXAMPLE: PLEASE HIRE ME BECAUSE I HAVE EIGHT MOUTHS TO FEED.
• 4. ARGUMENTUM POPULUM – AN APPEAL TO POPULAR OR
BANDWAGON THE IDEA IS PRESENTED AS ACCEPTABLE BECAUSE A LOT
OF PEOPLE ACCEPT IT.
• EXAMPLE: EVERY BOY YOUR AGE ALREADY HAS GIRLFRIEND, YOU
SHOULD GO FIND ONE!
TYPES OF BIAS
• 1. CORRESPONDENCE BIAS OR ATTRIBUTE EFFECT – YOU JUDGE A
PERSONS PRSONALITY BASED ON THE ACTIONS, AND NEVER MIND THE
EXTRINSIC FACTOR.
• EXAMPLE: THESE CHINESE LEADERS WHO OPOSSED THE INTERNATIONAL
LAW AND ORDER IN OUR REGION ARE ALL INCONSIDERATE AND NO
WISDOM AT ALL!
2. CONFIRMATION BIAS – TENDENCY TO LOOK FOR READILY ACCEPTED
INFORMATION WHICH FITS ONES OWN BELEFS OR VIEWS THAT GO
AGAINST IT.
EXAMPLE: HOW CAN I ACCEPT HIS VIEWS THAT THERE IS NO GOD ? IAM A
CHRISTIAN!
• 3. FRAMING- DO NOT SETTLED ON ONE ISSUE, AND DON’T MIND OTHER
ASPECTS, THUS, JUDGING AN INCIDENT WITHOUT LOOKING AT THE OTHER
SIDE.
• EXAMPLE: IN MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENT YESTERDAY, I IS ALTOGETHER A FAULT
OF THE DRIVER FOR RECKLESS DRIVING.
• 4. HINDSIGHT- THE PHENOMENA WHICH OCCURS HAS A PATTERN AND CAN
BE PREDICTED, SUCH AS ONLY BASE ON HISTORICAL EVIDENCE.
• EXAMPLE: THE SERIES OF CHINESE AGRESSION IN THE REGION AND ITS
FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS OTHER NATION LEADS TO ITS ECONOMIC
DOWNFALL AT THE MOMENT.
LEARNING ENRICHMENT AND
EVALUATION
• 1. ON YOUR NOTEBOOK KINDLY WRITE MORE EXAMPLES OF
STATEMENT ON THE TYPES OF, TO WIT;
• A. 4 TYPES OF FALLACY
• B. 4 TYPES OF BIAS
