ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS I
MEE 351 CLASS LECTURES
Osarobo Ighodaro
B.Sc (Lagos), M.Eng (Benin), PhD (Newcastle)
Turbines and High Temperature Fuel Cells.
www.osaroboighodaro.com, [email protected]
Non flow Equation
As discussed last week,
When a system possessing internal energy energy undergoes a cycle by heat and work
transfer, then + = 0
This is true for a complete cycle when the final internal energy is equal to its initial value.
However, in a process when the final internal energy is greater than the initial internal
energy, then
Gain in internal energy = Net heat Supplied + Net work input
The specific internal energy of a fluid depends on its pressure and temperature, it itself
is a property
The change in internal energy from state 1 to 2 is given as
Internal Energy = net heat supply + net work input i.e.
The equation is known as the non-flow energy equation
QUESTION
In the compression stoke of an internal combustion engine, the heat rejected to the
cooling water is 65kJ/kg and the work input is 110kJ/kg. Calculate the change in
specific internal energy of the working fluid stating whether it is a gain or loss
𝑘𝐽
𝑄 =− 65 ¿
𝑘𝑔
𝑊 =110 𝑘𝐽 / 𝑘𝑔
Q + W =𝑢 2 − 𝑢 1
-65 + 110 = 45 kJ /kg
i.E gain in internal energy = 45kJ/kg
APPLICATION OF 1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS TO NON-FLOW SYSTEMS
Reversible constant volume process (Isochoric) i.e. v=constant
Reversible constant pressure process (Isobaric) i.e. p=constant
Reversible Temperature (Isothermal) process i.e.
Reversible Adiabatic process i.e.
PolytropicReversible process i.e.
STEADY FLOW EQUATION
When a unit mass of a fluid with specific internal energy is moving with a velocity and
is a height above a datum, then it possesses a total energy of .
The rate at which the fluid flows through the apparatus is constant.
Consider a fluid flowing in steady flow
with a mass flow rate through an
apparatus, constituting an open
system. The boundary cuts the inlet
pipe at section 1 and the outlet pipe at
section2. this boundary is sometimes
called a control surface, and the entire
system, a control volume
Assume that a steady rate of flow of heat is supplied and that is the
rate of work input on the fluid as it passes through the apparatus.
Consider an element of the fluid, of length and cross sectional
Area of inlet pipe then
Energy required to push fluid element across boundary
Therefore, energy required for unit mass flow rate of fluid =
energy required to exit mass flow rate across the boundary =
The energy entering the system consists of the energy of flowing fluid at inlet , the energy
term , the heat supplied and the work input
The energy leaving the system consists of the energy of flowing fluid at outlet , the energy
term
Since there is steady flow of fluid into and out of the system, the energy entering must
equal the energy leaving i.e.
++ =
But the sum of the specifc internal energy and the term gives the symbol termed
specific enthalpy i.e.
Thus the energy equation becomes
++ =
This equation is called the steady flow energy equation.
Consider any section of cross sectional area where the fluid velocity is then the rate
of volume flow past the section is
Mass flow is volume flow divided by specific volume i.e
This equation is known as continuity of mass equation
=
QUESTION
In the turbine of a gas turbine unit, the gas flows through the turbine at
20kg/s and the power developed by the turbine is 15000kW . The specific
enthalpies of the gases at inlet and outlet are 1250kJ/kg and 400kJ/kg
respectively, and the velocities of the gases at inlet and outlet are 55m/s
and 150m/s respectively. Calculate the rate at which heat is rejected from
the turbine. Find also the area of the inlet pipe given that the specific
volume of the gases at inlet is 0.45/kg
Given m, W, h1,h2, C1, C2, v
Neglecting changes in height
+ + = ----------------(1)
=1512.5 Nm/kg = 1.51kJ/kg
=11250 Nm/kg = 11.25kJ/kg
W= -15000 kW
Substituting in (1)
20(1250+1.51)+Q -15000 = 20(400+11.25)
Q = -1805.2 kW
=
QUESTION
Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.45kg/s through an air compressor entering
at 6m/s with a pressure of 1bar and a specific volume of 0.85 m3/kg, and
leaving at 4.5m/s and with a pressure of 6.9bar and a specific volume of
0.16m3/kg. The specific internal energy of the air leaving is 88 kJ/kg
greater than that of the air entering. Cooling water in a jacket surrounding
the cylinder absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 59kW. Calculate the
power required to drive the compressor and the inlet and outlet pipe cross-
sectional area.
