Lesson Objectives

1. Identify the different types of sentences according

to function
2. Differentiate the types of clauses.
3. Create a sentence using appropriate cohesive
device and punctuation.
What is a sentence?
 A set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing
a subject and predicate, conveying a statement, question,
exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause
and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses.
In traditional grammar it is typically defined as a string of
words that expresses a complete thought, or as a unit
consisting of a subject and predicate.
What is a sentence?
A complete sentence is a group of words that
conveys a complete idea. Complete sentences must
have at least one subject and predicate, the necessary
pieces of an independent clause. A subject is the first
unit of information and contains a noun; the predicate
expands upon that information and contains a verb or
phrase. Complete sentences start with a capital letter,
and they end with a punctuation mark such as a period,
exclamation point, or question mark.
1. Declarative sentences: In English grammar, a
declarative sentence is a sentence that makes a statement,
provides a fact, offers an explanation, or conveys information.
2. Exclamatory sentences: An exclamatory sentence, also known
as an exclamation sentence or an exclamative clause, is a
statement that expresses strong emotion. Typically, in English
grammar, exclamatory sentences end with an exclamation mark
—also called an exclamation point.
3. Imperative sentences: An imperative sentence is a sentence
that expresses a direct command, request, invitation, warning, or
instruction. Imperative sentences do not have a subject; instead,
a directive is given to an implied second person.
4. Interrogative sentences: An interrogative sentence is a
sentence that asks a question. A sentence written in the
interrogative form can be direct or indirect, begin with or
without pronouns, and feature yes/no interrogatives, alternative
questions, or tag questions. Interrogative sentences often start
with interrogative pronouns and end with a question mark.
Question words, typically “wh” words, include “who,” “what,”
“when,” “where,” “why,” “which,” “whose,” and “whom.” You can
also use auxiliary verbs in interrogative sentences, such as “Did
she mean to sound so angry?” Here, “did” is an auxiliary verb (or
helping verb), transforming the sentence “she meant to sound so
angry” into a question.
What is a clause?
It is a unit of grammatical organization next below the
sentence in rank and in traditional grammar said to
consist of a subject and predicate.
Identifying Independent and Dependent
Clauses

When you want to use commas and semicolons in

sentences and when you are concerned about whether
a sentence is or is not a fragment, a good way to start is
to be able to recognize dependent and independent
clauses.
Independent Clause
• An independent clause is a group of words that
contains a subject and verb and expresses a
complete thought. An independent clause is a
sentence.
Examples:
-Jim studied the lesson for his quiz in English.
- Jim studied.
Dependent Clause
• A dependent clause is a group of words that contains
a subject and verb but does not express a complete
thought. A dependent clause cannot be a sentence.
Often a dependent clause is marked by a dependent
marker word.
Example:
-When Jim studied the lesson for his quiz in English . . .
(What happened when he studied? The thought is
incomplete.)
 Dependent Marker Word

A dependent marker word is a word added to the

beginning of an independent clause that makes it into a
dependent clause.
• When Jim studied the lesson for his quiz in English, it was
very noisy.
• Some common dependent markers: after, although, as, as
if, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order
to, since, though, unless, until, whatever, when, whenev
er, whether, and while.
Dependent clause examples
1. After I give you my promise
2. Although she is not late
3. As if we are close friends
4. Because life is unfair
5. When we meet again here
6. Unless you will submit your project
7. Since I love you
Dependent clause examples
1. After I give you my promise, I just stay in this place.
2. Although she is not late, she is not allowed to enter.
3. Thank you for treating me as if we are close friends
4. We have to be patient because life is unfair.
5. When we meet again here, I will give you money.
6. Unless you will submit your project, you will not pass
the subject.
Prepare ½ crosswise
Directions: Use correctly the following dependent
markers in the sentence.
(because) 1.
(in order to) 2.
(since) 3.
(after) 4.
(whenever) 5.
Connecting independent clauses
• There are two types of words that can be used
as connectors at the beginning of an
independent clause: coordinating conjunctions
and independent marker words.
1. Coordinating Conjunction
• The seven coordinating conjunctions used as
connecting words at the beginning of an independent
clause are and, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet. When
the second independent clause in a sentence begins
with a coordinating conjunction, a comma is needed
before the coordinating conjunction:
• Jim studied the lesson for his quiz in English, but it
was hard to concentrate because of the noise.
Another example…

I listen to the teacher, and I got high

score in the quiz.
There is no comma if the
coordinating conjunction
connects words or phrases.
-Words
1. The data was gathered through questionnaires and
interviews.
2. I don’t like to run or swim.
-Phrases
3. I walked slowly and danced excitedly.
4. She usually studies in the library or at home.
2. Independent Marker Word

• An independent marker word is a connecting word used at

the beginning of an independent clause. These words can
always begin a sentence that can stand alone. When the
second independent clause in a sentence has an
independent marker word, a semicolon is needed before the
independent marker word.
• Jim studied the lesson for his quiz in English; however, it was
hard to concentrate because of the noise.
Common independent markers:
also, consequently, furthermore, however, more
over, nevertheless, and therefore.

Example:
Mary loves watching movies; also, she loves
playing mobile games.
 Connecting dependent and independent
clauses
• Subordinating conjunctions allow writers to construct complex
sentences, which have an independent clause and a subordinate (or
dependent) clause. Either clause can come first.
• The students acted differently whenever a substitute taught the
class.
• Whenever a substitute taught the class, the students acted
differently.

• Note that the clauses are separated with a comma when the
dependent clause comes first.
Some common subordinating conjunctions:
after, as, before, once, since, until because
and while.
Example:
-I wake up early because I hear the alarm.
-Because I heard the alarm, I woke up early.
SOME COMMON ERRORS TO AVOID

A comma splice is the use of a comma between two

independent clauses. You can usually fix the error by
changing the comma to a period and therefore making
the two clauses into two separate sentences, by
changing the comma to a semicolon, or by making one
clause dependent by inserting a dependent marker
word in front of it.
Incorrect: I like this class, it is very
interesting.

• Correct: I like this class. It is very interesting.

• (or) I like this class; it is very interesting.
• (or) I like this class, and it is very interesting.
• (or) I like this class because it is very interesting.
• (or) Because it is very interesting, I like this class.
Fused Sentences
Fused sentences happen when there are two
independent clauses not separated by any form of
punctuation. This error is also known as a run-on
sentence. The error can sometimes be corrected
by adding a period, semicolon, or colon to
separate the two sentences.
Incorrect: My professor is intelligent
I've learned a lot from her.
• Correct: My professor is intelligent. I've learned a lot from her.
• (or) My professor is intelligent; I've learned a lot from her.
• (or) My professor is intelligent, and I've learned a lot from her.
• (or) My professor is intelligent; moreover, I've learned a lot from
her.
Sentence Fragments
• Sentence fragments happen by treating a dependent clause
or other incomplete thought as a complete sentence. You
can usually fix this error by combining it with another
sentence to make a complete thought or by removing the
dependent marker.
• Incorrect: Because I forgot the exam was today.
• Correct: Because I forgot the exam was today, I didn't study.
• (or) I forgot the exam was today.
True of false
Directions: Write true if the statement is correct, and write
false if it is not.
1. My mother is here however, I am not yet ready.
2. They found my bag so, I gave them an award.
3. We are ready; therefore we will win.
4. After getting there is very hard
5. You give this, for your mother.
Thank you very much!