SPRING 2024 – DE 45 MTS
CS – 114
Fundamentals of Programming
(LAB - 4)
Instructors:
Dr. Ayesha Zeb
Dr. Tahir Habib Nawaz
LE Hamza Sohail
Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of
Sciences and Technology, College of E&ME
Binary Number System
• 0 and 1.
• Either false or true
• 0 = false
• 1 = true
Conversion
By adding the numbers as shown in
figure.
128 + 64 + 8 + 2 = 202
So, 202 in binary is 11001010
https://www.britannica.com/technology/byte
Logical Operators
• Logical AND Operator &&
• Logical OR Operator ||
• Logical NOT Operator !
AND GATE
• Output will be 1 only if both inputs are 1.
A B A &&B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
OR GATE
• Output will be 1 only if any one input is 1.
A B A ||B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
NOT GATE
• Output will be 1 if input is 0 and vice versa.
A A’
0 1
1 0
Example of Logical Operator && in C++
• int a,b,c;
• cin>>a>>b>>c; //input a,b,c
• cout<< (a>b && a>c); // AND Operator
// AND means both should be true than output is 1.
// in the above case if a is greater than both b and c than output will be
1 else 0
Example of Logical Operator || in C++
• int a,b,c;
• cin>>a>>b>>c; //input a,b,c
• cout<< (a>b || a>c); // OR Operator
// OR means anyone should be true than output is 1.
// in the above case if a is greater than b OR a is greater than c than
output will be 1 else 0
Example of Logical Operator ! in C++
• int a,b,c;
• cin>>a>>b; //input a,b
• cout<< !(a>b); // NOT Operator
// NOT means input should be false than output is 1.
// in the above case if a is greater than b than output will be 0 else 1
Bitwise Logical Operators &, |, ~, ^, <<, >>
1.The & (bitwise AND) in C or C++ takes two numbers as operands and does
AND on every bit of two numbers. The result of AND is 1 only if both bits are
1.
2.The | (bitwise OR) in C or C++ takes two numbers as operands and does OR
on every bit of two numbers. The result of OR is 1 if any of the two bits is 1.
3.The ^ (bitwise XOR) in C or C++ takes two numbers as operands and does
XOR on every bit of two numbers. The result of XOR is 1 if the two bits are
different.
4.The << (left shift) in C or C++ takes two numbers, left shifts the bits of the
first operand, the second operand decides the number of places to shift.
5.The >> (right shift) in C or C++ takes two numbers, right shifts the bits of the
first operand, the second operand decides the number of places to shift.
6.The ~ (bitwise NOT) in C or C++ takes one number and inverts all bits of it.
Bitwise & Operator
• Bitwise AND ‘&’ Operator return 1 if both the input bits are 1.
• For example; if we do (12 & 25) the output would be 8.
• 12 = 00001100
• 25 = 00011001
12 & 25 = 00001000
00001000 is equal to 8.
Bitwise | Operator
• Bitwise OR ‘|’ Operator return 1 if any one of the input bit is 1.
• For example; if we do (12 | 25) the output would be 29.
• 12 = 00001100
• 25 = 00011001
12 | 25 = 00011101
00011101 is equal to 29.
Bitwise ~ Operator
• Bitwise NOT ‘~’ Operator return 1 if input bit is 0 and vice versa.
• For example; if we do (~21) the output would be 8.
• 35 = 00100011
• ~35 = 11011100
• Which is equal to 220 but compiler gives -36.
• 220 and -36 are equivalent.
Bitwise ‘XOR’ ^ Operator
• Bitwise XOR ‘^’ Operator return 1 if odd number of inputs are 1 and
vice versa.
• For example; if we do (a^b) the output would be 8.
• 12 = 00001100
• 25 = 00011001
• 12^25 = 00010101
• Which is equal to 21
Bitwise ‘XOR’ ^ Operator
• Example:
int a = 12, b = 25;
cout << "a = " << a << endl;
cout << "b = " << b << endl;
cout << "a ^ b = " << (a ^ b) << endl;
Bitwise “<<“ and “>>” Operator
Left and right shift
• Example:
Bitwise Left and Right shift Operators
Example
• Example:
Left shift
int a = 12;
cout << (a<<1) << endl;
// answer is 24
Right Shift
cout<< (a>>1) <<endl;
// answer is 6
Example for Relational Operator
• cout<< (12==12);
• cout<< (12!=12);
• cout<< (12==1);
• cout<< (12>1);
• cout<< (12<=12);
• What is the output of the above code:
• (a) 01100
• (b) 10011
• (c) 10101
