What is a variable?
•A variable is an identifier that can change in the
lifetime of a program
•Identifiers should be:
• In mixed case (Pascal case)
• Only contain letters (A-Z, a-z)
• Only contain digits (0-9)
• Start with a capital letter and not a digit
•A variable can be associated a datatype when it is
declared
•When a variable is declared, memory is
allocated based on the data type indicated
What is a constant?
•A constant is an identifier set once in the
lifetime of a program
•Constants are generally named in all uppercase
characters
•Constants aid the readability and maintainability
•If a constant needs to be changed, it should only
need to be altered in one place in the whole
program
x=0
while x < 5: # Loops as long as x is less than 5
print(x)
x += 1
# Simple Python program to find the length of a string
user_string = input("Enter a string: ")
string_length = len(user_string)
print(f"The length of the string is: {string_length}")
# Simple Python program to extract a substring from a string
user_string = input("Enter a string: ")
start_index = int(input("Enter the starting index: "))
end_index = int(input("Enter the ending index: "))
substring = user_string[start_index:end_index]
print(f"The extracted substring is: '{substring}'")
# Simple Python program to convert a string to uppercase
user_string = input("Enter a string: ")
uppercase_string = user_string.upper()
print(f"The string in uppercase is: '{uppercase_string}'")
What are functions and procedures?
•Functions and procedures are a type of sub program, a sequence of
instructions that perform a specific task or set of tasks. In contrast
to a procedure, a function will return a value back to the main program.
•Procedures and functions are defined at the start of the code
•Sub programs are often used to simplify a program by breaking it into smaller,
more manageable parts
•Sub programs can be used to:
• Avoid duplicating code and can be reused throughout a program
• Improve the readability and maintainability of code
•Parameters are values that are passed into a
sub program
•Parameters can be variables or values and they
are located in brackets after the name of the sub
program
•Sub programs can have multiple parameters
•To use a sub program you 'call' it from the main
program
def add_numbers(x, y):
result = x + y
return result
sum = add_numbers(5, 3) # sum will be 8
def greet_user(name):
print("Hello, " + name + "!")
greet_user("Alice") # Output: Hello, Alice!
1. Convert the following denary (base 10) values into their 8-bit binary equivalent. You
must show your working out. 31,104,210
2. Add the following two 8-bit binary values.
3. A logical shift instruction moves each bit in the binary value left or right. What is the
new value of 00101100 when a logic shift right by two is performed? What is the new
value of 00011100 when a logic shift left by three is performed?
4. If 84 is represented as a denary, calculate its hexadecimal value.
5. Convert the following binary values into hexadecimal representation. 00111100 ,
10100101 , 11101111
6. Convert the following hexadecimal values into binary representation 98,E7, BE
# Function to calculate the square of a number
def square(number):
return number * number
# Calling the function
result = square(5)
print("The square of 5 is:", result)
# Procedure to display a greeting message
def greet(name):
print(f"Hello, {name}! Welcome to IGCSE Computer
Science.")
# Calling the procedure
greet("Alice")
# Function to calculate the area of a rectangle
def calculate_area(length, width):
return length * width
# Procedure to display the area
def display_area(length, width):
area = calculate_area(length, width)
print(f"The area of the rectangle with length {length} and width {width} is:
{area}")
# Calling the procedure
display_area(10, 5)
# Function to check if a number is even
def is_even(number):
return number % 2 == 0
# Procedure to display whether a number is even or odd
def check_even_odd():
number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if is_even(number):
print(f"{number} is even.")
else:
print(f"{number} is odd.")
# Calling the procedure
check_even_odd()
Many programming language development systems include
library routines that are ready to incorporate into a program
will need to use these library routines in your programs
Creating and Displaying an Array
# Create an array (list) of numbers
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
# Display the array
print("Array elements:", numbers)
Accessing Elements in an Array
# Create an array (list) of fruits
fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry", "Date", "Elderberry"]
# Access and display specific elements
print("First fruit:", fruits[0]) # Access the first element
print("Third fruit:", fruits[2]) # Access the third element
Adding and Removing Elements
# Create an empty array
colors = []
# Add elements to the array
colors.append("Red")
colors.append("Green")
colors.append("Blue")
# Display the array after adding elements
print("Colors after adding:", colors)
# Remove an element from the array
colors.remove("Green")
# Display the array after removing an element
print("Colors after removing:", colors)
Iterating Through an Array
# Create an array of numbers
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
# Iterate and display each element
print("Array elements:")
for number in numbers:
print(number)
Finding the Largest Number in an Array
# Create an array of numbers
numbers = [12, 45, 7, 34, 89, 23]
# Find and display the largest number
largest = max(numbers)
print("The largest number is:", largest)
Summing Elements in an Array
# Create an array of numbers
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
# Calculate the sum of elements
total = sum(numbers)
# Display the sum
print("The sum of the numbers is:", total)
Searching for an Element
# Create an array of names
names = ["Alice", "Bob", "Charlie", "Diana"]
# Search for a specific name
search_name = "Charlie"
if search_name in names:
print(f"{search_name} is in the array.")
else:
print(f"{search_name} is not in the array.")
Sorting an Array
# Create an array of numbers
numbers = [45, 12, 89, 23, 7]
# Sort the array in ascending order
numbers.sort()
# Display the sorted array
print("Sorted array:", numbers)
Reversing an Array
# Create an array of numbers
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
# Reverse the array
numbers.reverse()
a
# Display the reversed array
print("Reversed array:", numbers)
