Land Management

Bikash Kumar Karna

Senior Trainer
Land Management Training Centre, Kavre
 Land Management
the activities associated with the management of
land as a resource from both an environmental
and an economic perspective.
Covers all activities associated with the
management of land and natural resources that
are required to fulfill political and social
objectives and achieve sustainable development.
Some Instruments of Land Management
 Land Use Planning
 Land Consolidation
 Land Development
 Land Readjustment
Land Management Paradigm/ Concept

(Enemark, 2004)
Land Management Concept
 Land Management Principle

Multi-funtionality :- Land should be managed to deliver a

wide range of benefits beyond food and fibre production.
Sustainability :- Land management activities should be
carried out considering the sustainable development.
Integration:- Land management activities should ne
integrated with rural development.
Subsidiarity:- Framework reflects regional and local
needs and aspirations.
 Sustainability

The word sustainability is derived from the Latin

sustinere (tenere, to hold; sus, up). Dictionaries
provide more than ten meanings for sustain, the
main ones being to “maintain", "support", or
"endure”. However, since the 1980s sustainability
has been used more in the sense of human
sustainability on planet Earth.
 A. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Environmental sustainability is the process of making

sure current processes of interaction with the
environment are pursued with the idea of keeping the
environment as pristine as naturally possible based on
ideal-seeking behaviour.
Sustainability requires that human activity only uses
nature's resources at a rate at which they can be
replenished naturally.
B. ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY

Economic growth can and should occur without

damaging the social fabric of a community or
harming the environment.

-US President’s Council on Sustainable Development

Economic systems support sustainable social and

environmental outcomes, where economics is the
process through which humans create social and
environmental outcomes.
-Adding Values, Chris Tuppen and Simon Zadek, 2001
 C. SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
Social sustainability encompasses human rights,
and corporate governance. In common with
environmental sustainability, social sustainability is
the idea that future generations should have the
same or greater access to social resources as the
current generation, while there should also be equal
access to social resources within the current
generation.
 CARRYING
CAPACITY
Carrying capacity refers to the number of
individuals who can be supported in a given
area within natural resource limits, and without
degrading the natural social, cultural and
economic environment for present and future
generations.

The population that can be supported

indefinitely by an ecosystem without destroying
that ecosystem .
INDICES OF SUSTAINABILITY

SOME OF THE INDICES OF SUSTAINABILITY ARE:

•TOTAL PRODUCTIVITY
• TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY
• COEFFICIENT OF SUSTAINABILTY
• INDEX OF SUSTAINABILITY
• AGRICULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY
• SUSTAINABILITY COEFFICIENT
Land Administration System
The social, legal, economic and technical
framework within which land managers and
administrators must operate.
(UN/ECE,
1996)

The infrastructure which facilitates the

implementation of land policies, land
management strategies.
(Enemark & van de
Molen, 2006)
Land Administration System …

Land Administration Systems are concerned with the four land

administration functions of land tenure, land value, land-use and land
development. Prof. Stig Enemark
Good Land Administration System
 Guarantees ownership and security of tenure;
 Supports land and property taxation;
 Provides security for credit;
 Develops and monitor land markets;
 Protects State lands;
 Reduces land disputes;
 Facilitates land reform;
 Improves urban planning & infrastructure dev;
 Supports environmental management;
 Produces statistical data.
(UN/ECE
1996)
Definition of Terms
Land Use Policy
Land use policy considers the way land & natural
resources are used and managed, placing issues of
ownership and tenure secondary. (Mwagore, 2002)
Land use policy means primarily the intentions,
programs and operations of public authority to control
land use in desirable direction. (Virtanen, 1995)
Land Use Policy helps (Virtanen, 1995):
 make the best suitable use of land
 reduce the defects resulting from implementation of land use plan
 guarantee the persistence of land use planning in order to implement
appropriate land use policy
 maintain good governance, environmental sustainability
 contributes to equality by balancing differences in welfare through
offering proper living environments
 Definition of Terms
Land Use Planning
 Land use planning (LUP) is considered as a technical tool to
translate land use policy into reality.
 It provides the prerequisites for achieving a sustainable
form of land use which is acceptable as far as the social and
environmental contexts are concerned and is desired by the
society while making sound economic sense. (Amler, 1999)
 LUP is the systematic assessment of land and water
potential, alternative patterns of land use and other
physical, social and economic conditions, for the purpose of
selecting and adopting land-use options that are most
beneficial to land users without degrading the resources or
the environment, together with the selection of measures
most likely to encourage such land uses. (Basta et. al. ,
2008),
 Definition of Terms
Land Use Planning…
LUP is based on following principles (Amler, 1999):
 Orientation to the local conditions in terms of method and content.
 Consideration of the cultural viewpoints & local knowledge
 Accounting the traditional strategies for solving problems &
conflicts.
 Assumption of a concept which understands rural development to
be a "bottom-up" process based on self-help and self-responsibility
 Dialogue as a basis for creating the prerequisites for the
successful negotiation and co-operation among stakeholders.
 Leading to capacity development of the participants.
 Transparent process with free access to information
 Differentiation of stakeholders and the gender approach
 Interdisciplinary cooperation.
 Iteration based process, flexibility & open reaction based on new
findings and changing conditions.
 Orientation to implementation.
Definition of Terms
Land Use Zoning
Land Use Zoning is the practice of dividing the
territory in homogenous land units, whose
classification respond to their function such as
agricultural, industrial, residential, commercial
etc. Zoning is meant to define restrictions to use
other than assigned within the designated area
(Basta et.al., 2008), and it is fundamental to land
use plans.
Land Consolidation,
Land Readjustment,
Land Development,
Land Acquisition
 Land Consolidaion
 Land consolidation (LC) is a process in which all landowners within an
area surrender their land and are allocated new parcels of
comparable value but in pattern that encourages the more efficient
and productive use of the land (UN/ECE 1996).
 In a common sense, LC is the reallocation of farms to make bigger
farm units, such as in Japan, Western Europe. The other main
objective of LC is to reduce fragmentation of land, e.g. in Vietnam
 Land Readjustment
 LR is a process whereby authority assembles numerous small
parcels of raw land without paying monetary compensation to
the owners subdivides the land and services it with
infrastructure for human settlements use, returns most of the
resulting housing sites to the original owners in proportion to
the value of their land contribution and sells the remaining
sites to recover all public costs (Hensen 1998).
 The concept of land readjustment and land pooling are same.
Land Readjustment …
 Land Readjustment (LR) is one of the methods of land
development for developing or improving urban
infrastructure and also enhancing utility/value of land, so a LR
is not a land acquisition method, but a kind of land
consolidation method, which is called “Land Replotting”.
 Implementation of a LR project is the development of certain
areas by:
 installing urban infrastructure by means of the land contribution to public
facilities, according to a layout plan and
 financing project costs by means of the land contribution to financial land,
where all parcels of land are replotted according to a layout and land use
plan, and all land rights are legally transferred to the new replots by the
land replotting disposition.
Land Development
 The process of developing land for settlement,
infrastructure development, and other societal needs is the
land development . Land Readjustment is one of the
methods of land development
Land Acquisition
 Land Acquisition is a process of obtaining land either by
voluntary contribution, or by compensating the person who
relinquishes the right to his/her land or the assets.
 Compensation is given to the affected people in exchange
for the release of land and/or assets
 It can also be defined as a process of providing land for the
public purpose like implementation of planned
development for the welfare of human settlements, and
projects of infrastructure development.
 Methods of Land Acquisition:
 Land Expropriation/ Eminent Domain
 Land Banking
 Land Pooling/ Land Readjustment/Land Development
Land Fragmentation
Fragmentation is a separation into fragments i.e. a
piece of anything or detached/isolated into
incomplete parts.
The division of rural property into undersized units
unfit for rational exploitation and excessive
dispersion of parcels forming parts of one form.
It is harmful process; it impairs or prevents the use
of the object fragmented; it affects the agricultural
production.
Cadastre 2014
 Statement 1: Cadastre 2014 will show the complete legal situation of
land including public rights and restrictions!)
 Statement 2: The separation between 'maps' and 'registers' will be
abolished!
 Statement 3: 'Cadastral mapping' will be dead! Long live modelling!
 Statement 4: 'The paper and pencil cadastre' will be gone!
 Statement 5: Cadastre 2014 will be highly privatized! Public and
private sectors are working closely together!
 Statement 6: The cost of Cadastre 2014 will be recoverable!

Jürg Kaufmann • Daniel Steudler

with the Working Group 1 of FIG Commission 7
 Harry Uitermark, Peter Van
Oosterom, Jaap Zevenbergen and
Christiaan Lemmen,

Vision 2025
The Netherlands

Mature Information More than traditional

Infrastructure RRR
Dynamic Process Model Fast and more direct
 e.g to predict the future updating by actors
implications of certain International seamless
policy
registration
3D (and 4D) Space +
Semantic web-based
Time Administration
content
Parcel Design
Mobile Applications
Application
 to include more complex
Monitoring
issues related to parcel Applications
 Rohan Bennett, Mohsen Kalantari, and
Abbas Rajabifard, University of
Melbourne, Australia

Vision 2034
 Move from approximate boundary representation towards
survey-accurate boundary representation
 Shift focus from purely parcel-based systems towards
systems of layered property objects
 Expansion from 2D approaches to include the third (height)
and fourth (time) dimensions
 Updating and accessing of cadastral information in real
time
 Making national and state-based cadastres interoperable at
regional and global level
 Inclusion in property interests, now designed around strict
bearings and distances or Cartesian coordinates, of
modelled organic natural environment by enabling fuzzy
and dynamic boundary definitions.