WEEK 4

Book p. 296- 316

Booklet p. 23- 24
A
NOUN CLAUSE
is a group of words
with a subject
and a verb
Like a noun . . .
 A noun clause can be a subject, a
predicate nominative, a direct object, an
indirect object, or an object of a
preposition.

 It can come at the beginning, middle, or

end of a sentence.
You can recognize a noun clause
by one of the relative pronouns or
adverbs that begin the clause
A noun clause consists of three
components:

 A relative pronoun or adverb

 A subject

 A verb
Noun clauses function like nouns.
They can be:
subject

subject complement

object

object of prepositions
 Direct (quoted) Speech vs
Indirect (reported) Speech
Direct speech Indirect speech

Simple present ---------- Simple past

Present Past progressive

progressive-----------

Simple past---------------------
Past perfect

Present Past perfect

perfect-----------------
Direct (quoted) speech
 States the exact words a speaker used. In
writing, use quotation marks.
 John said, “ I love this class.”
Indirect (reported) speech
 Reports what a speaker said without using
the exact words. There are no quotation
marks.
 John said that he loved this class.
The reporting verbs say and tell
are usually in the simple past for
both direct and indirect speech.
He said, “It’s great.”
He said it was great

“I’m leaving.”
She said she was leaving

“I made it.”
He said that he had made it.

He said to her, “I’ve never lied.”

he told her that he had never lied
Remember to change pronouns,
time and place expressions this
and here in indirect speech to
keep the speaker’s original
meaning.

Ann told Rick, “I bought this dress

here.”
Ann told Rick that she had bought
that dress there.
He said:  He told me (that)
“I’ll
leave now.”
He would leave
“I’m going to drive”
“Traffic may be bad” then.
“She might move.” He was going to
“He can help.” drive
“They have to stay.” Traffic may be bad
“You must be careful.” she might move
he could help
They had to stay
I must be careful
Some Modals change forms
can – could
may –might
will – would
have to, must – had to
could, might, should, would, ought
to, and had better do not change
form
“Are you bringing any fruit into
the country?”
The customs officer asked the
tourists if they were bringing any
fruit into the country.

“Do you have your transcripts

with you?”
The registrar asked me if I had my
transcripts with me.
“Can you fix my car?”
I asked the mechanic if he could
fix my car.

“Did you see the accident?”

The police officer asked me if I
had seen the accident.
“What do you want to be when
you grow up?”
My first grade teacher asked me
what I wanted to be when I grew
up.
Reported commands and requests

Commands and requests are

reported using infinitives, not
noun clauses

“Bring the book!”

She told me to bring the book.
 Elvis said, “I don’t
know anything
about music. In
my line, you don’t
have to”
 Quoted speech tells who said
something and what they said. We use
quoted speech for the exact words
someone uses. We use it in novels,
stories and newspaper articles.
 When we don’t want to use the exact
words someone said, we use reported
speech. We use reported speech often
in both speech and writing. It has a main
clause and a noun clause.We use
reported verbs such as say or tell.
 Quoted speech: Muhammad Ali said, “I
´m the greatest.”

 Repoted speech: Muhammad Ali said he

was the greatest.
Changes in reported speech

Simple present Simple past

Present Past continuous
continuous
Past perfect
Simple past
Past perfect
Present perfect
Would
Will
Could
Can
Had to
Have to / had
Other changes
 There are many possible pronoun changes
in reported speech. We use the logic of
each situation to decide on the changes.
 Bob said to Alice, “You gave me the
wrong book.”
 Bob said to Alice she had given him the
wrong book.
Time and place expressions can
change in reported speech.

now then, at that time

today, tonight that day, that night
yesterday the day before
tomorrow the next day
this week that week
last / next week the week before / after
two weeks ago two weeks before
here there
in this place in that place
Rewrite the sentences as reported speech. Make
the necessary changes.

 1. I really like this house,” she said.

 She said she really liked that house.
 2. She said, “We can walk to the shops from the house.”
 She said they could walk to the shops from the house.
 3. “We have looked for a long time.”
 She said they had looked for a long time.
 4. He said, “we’re getting married next month.”
 He said they were getting married the following month.
 5. She said, “My parents saw the house yesterday.”
 She said her parents had seen the house the day before.
 6. My father said, “You have to do some work on the house.”
 My father said we had to do some work on the house.
Modal Verbs


Can:
-

We can make a cake together.

Could:
They said that we could make a cake together.


-Have to/must:

You must go home early.

Had to:

He said that you had to go home early.


-May:

He may not like rock music.

Might:

He said that he might not like rock music.
-Could:
You could tell the truth.
Could:
She said that you could tell the truth.

-Should: :
You left a hole where my heart should be.
Should:
He said that you left a hole where his heart should be.

-Might:
You might write a diary.
Might:
She said that you might write a diary.

**Will:
I will sit right beside you.
Would:
He said that I would sit right beside you.
EXERCISES

Exercises about Declarative Sentences with modal verbs:
1) Complete the sentences with modal verbs (Reported
Speech):
-She said that we (can) be better students.

-They said that you (have to) do your homework.

-He said that she (may) trust in you.

-They said that you (could) stay here with me.

-You said that I (should) leave him alone.

-He said that they (might) be friendly.

**She said that you (will) do something important in your
life.
 REPORTED SPEECH

Direct Speech:
when somebody is actually speaking
“My name is Somchai”
Reported Speech:
when you are saying what somebody else said
He said that his name was Somchai.
 REPORTED SPEECH
Reported Speech
We use reported speech if we want to repeat
something without using the speakers original
words.
No Backshift
If the introductory sentence is in;
simple present, we use - ‘He/she says . . . ’
present perfect, we use - ‘He/she has said . . .’
future I, we use - ‘He/she will or is going to say . . .’

eg: He says, “I talk.” – He says that he talks.

 REPORTED SPEECH
Backshift

If the introductory sentence is in;

simple past, we use ‘He/she said . . .’
past perfect, ‘He/she had said . . .’
future II, ‘He/she will have said . . .’
conditional I, ‘He/she would say . . .’
conditional II, ‘He/she would have said . . .’

eg: He said, “I have spoken.” – He said that he had

spoken.
 REPORTED SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

simple present simple past

simple past simple past or

past perfect
present perfect or past perfect
past perfect
1st conditional 1st conditional

2nd conditional 2nd conditional

 REPORTED SPEECH

REMEMBER!

Using backshift means that certain place and time expressions must also
be changed.

He said, “I want to go here.”

He said that he wanted to go there.
 REPORTED SPEECH
Direct speech Reported speech
today that day
now then
yesterday the day before
….days ago ….days before
last week the week before
next year the following year
tomorrow the following day
here there
this that
these those
REPORTED SPEECH

EXERCISES - USING BACKSHIFT

Example:

She said, "I am reading."

→ She said that she was reading.
 REPORTED SPEECH
1. They said, "We are busy."
→ They said that ____________.
2. He said, "I know a better restaurant."
→ He said that _____________.
3. She said, "I woke up early."
→ She said that ____________.
4. He said, "I will call her."
→ He said that _____________.
5. They said, "We have just arrived."
→ They said that ___________.
 REPORTED SPEECH
7. He said, "I will clean the car."
→ He said that ___________.
8. She said, "I did not say that."
→ She said that __________.
9. She said, "I don't know where you live."
→ She said that __________.
10. He said, "I won't tell anyone."
→ He said that ___________.
11. We said, “There’s a party tonight.”
→ They said that ___________.
 REPORTED SPEECH
EXERCISES - USING BACKSHIFT + PLACE
Imagine you want to repeat sentences that you heard two weeks ago in
another place. Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. Remember
to change pronouns and expressions of time and place.

Example:
They said, "This is our book."
→ They said that was their book.
 REPORTED SPEECH
1. She said, “I’m going to the cinema next week.“
→ She said ___________________.
2. He said, "I am taking a test tomorrow."
→ He said ____________________.
3. You said, "I will do this for him."
→ I said ___________________.
4. She said, "I am not hungry now."
→ She said ___________________.
5. They said, "We have never been here before."
→ They said ____________________.
 REPORTED SPEECH

6. She said, “My friend was in Bangkok last week.“

→ She said __________________.
7. She asked me, "Where have you been?"
→ She asked __________________.
8. He told me, "Be quiet!"
→ He told _____________________.
9. The teacher asked, “Can you be quiet please?”
→ The teacher asked __________________.
10. The boy said, ”Come with me please.”
→ The boy said ___________________.
 REPORTED SPEECH
0

EXERCISES – WITH + WITHOUT BACKSHIFT

Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. Note that backshift is not

necessary in all sentences.

Example:
She said: "I am here now."
→ She said that she was there then.
 REPORTED SPEECH
1. She says, "It's a nice day today."
→ She says ____________________.
2. Last week he said, "I saw a film yesterday."
→ Last week he said ___________________.
3. They will say, "We’ll move the table ourselves."
→ They will say ______________________.
4. She told me, "Don't forget to buy milk."
→ She told me _______________________.
5. She said, “Tokyo is a city in Japan."
→ She said _________________________.
 REPORTED SPEECH

6. He told me, "Lock the door when you are leaving."

→ He told me ______________________.
7. When we were in Japan, we met some friends and
you asked them, "What are you doing here?"
→ You asked them __________________.
8. He would say, "I don't believe it."
→ He would say ____________________.
9. Yesterday she asked him, "Where did you spend
your holiday last year?"
→ She asked him ___________________.
HE TOLD ME TO INFIVITIVE
COMMAND EXAMPLE
 DIRECT
 
The teacher told me: Open your book page INDIRECT
65!”
The teacher told me


 Siska told Manu: “give me a piece ofthat I should open my

paper”!
book page 65.
 Siska told Manu that
 “Ronny told him: “call me tonight!
he should give her a
piece of paper.
 Ronny told him that he
had to call him that
night.
NOUN CLAUSES THAT BEGIN
WITH A QUESTION WORD
Information NOUN CLAUSE
 These question words can be used to
Question
introduced
(a) Where does a he noun
(b) I don’tclause
know : when,
Notice in the why,
lives? where he lives. example:
how, who,
(c) When whom,
did they what,
(d) Do you know which,
Usual questionwhose.
word
order is NOT used in
leave? when they left?*
an noun clause:
(e) What did she (f) Please tell me Incorrect: I know
say? what she said? where he does live.
(g) Why is Tom (h) I wonder why Correct: I know where
absent? Tom is absent. he lives.
(i) Who came to (j) I don’t know In (i) and (j): Question
class? who came to class. word order and noun
(k) What (l) Tell me what clause word order are
the same when the
happened? happened.
question word is used
as a subject.
 *A question mark is used at the end of this noun
clause because the main subject and verb of the
sentences (Do you know) are in question word order.
 Example: Do you know when they left?
 Do you know asks a question; when they left is
a noun clause.

 Question noun clause = subject + verb

 Question consist of auxiliary verb

 Noun clause does not consist of auxiliary verb


NOUN CLAUSES WITH WHO,
WHAT, WHOSE + BE
 QUESTION NOUN CLAUSE
 v s s
v
 Who is that boy? (b) Tell me who that boy is.
 v s s
v
 © Whose pen is this? (d) Tell me whose pen this
is.
 A noun clause or pronoun that follows main verb be in a question comes
in front of be in a noun clause, as in (b) and (d).

 s v s v
 Who is in the office? (f) Tell me who is in the office.
 s v s v
 Whose pen is on the desk? (h) Tell me whose pen is on the
desk.
 A prepositional phrase (e.g., in the office) does not come in front of be
in a noun clause, as in (f) and (h).
other student makes a
sentence beginning with “I
wonder” or “I don’t know” and
then puts the information from
 Is it going to rain next week?
the question into noun clause
word order.
 I wonder (I don’t know) if it’s going to

rain next week.

If/whether

 Is there a test next week?

 I wonder (I don’t know) if there is a test

next week.
If/whether

 Do we have homework today?

 I wonder (I don’t know) if we have

homework today.
If/whether

 Did the teacher give us homework?

 I wonder (I don’t know) if the teacher

gave us homework.
If/whether

 Did I do the work correctly?

 I wonder (I don’t know) if did the work

correctly?
If/whether

 Did Diane grade the tests?

 I wonder (I don’t know) if Diane graded

the tests.
If/whether

 Will we do well on the next test?

 I wonder (I don’t know) if we will do well

on the next test.
If/whether

 Will I have time to study tonight?

 I wonder (I don’t know) if I will have time

to study tonight.
If/whether

 Has the college raised tuition again?

 I wonder (I don’t know) if the college has

raised tuition again.
If/whether

 Has the college decided to build another

parking lot?

 I wonder (I don’t know) if the college has

decided to build another parking lot.
that
 Statements of urgency with that:
 Adjectives (command) + that + simple
form of the verb
 Statements of requests with that:
 Adjectives (request) + that + simple
form of the verb