SNJB’s LATE SAU. K.B.

JAIN
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
NEMINAGAR, CHANDWAD
NAAC ACCREDITED WITH “A” GRADE
Course:
Internet of Things
(217529)

Unit 3- Introduction & IOT Technologies

behind smart and intelligent devices

AI & DS | CIVIL | COMP | E&TC | MECH | MBA

 Contents

❖ IoT Concepts
❖ Introduction to IOT Communications
❖ Telemetry vs IOT
❖ Applications of IOT: Communications, People, Processes and
Devices. Automation, asset management, telemetry,
transportation, telematics. Telemetry and Telemetric; Report
location, logistics, tracking and remote assistance
❖ Next generation kiosks
❖ self-service technology
❖ Cellular IOT connectivity services
History of IoT
Generic Block Diagram of IoT
 Definition of IoT

❖ Dynamic global network infrastructure with self-

configuring capabilities based on standard and
interoperable communication protocols where
physical and virtual "things" have identities, physical
attributes and virtual personalities, use intelligent
interfaces, are seamlessly integrated into the
information network, and often communicate data
associated with users and their environments.
 Characteristics of IoT

● Dynamic and self-adapting

● Self-configuring
● Interoperable communication protocols
● Unique identity
● Integrated into the information network
 Generic Block Diagram of IoT

● An IoT device may consist of

several interfaces for
connections to other
devices, both wired and
wireless.
● I/O interfaces for sensors
● Interfaces for internet
connectivity
● Memory and storage
interfaces
● Audio/video interfaces
Frequency Bands
What is Telemetry?
 What is Telemetry?

● A telemetry system is a technology that enables the remote measurement, monitoring, and
transmission of data from a distance. Telemetry systems are used in a wide range of
applications, including aerospace, medicine, transportation, and industrial control systems.
● In a telemetry system, data is collected from sensors or instruments and transmitted to a
remote location, where it is analyzed and processed. The data can be transmitted through
various means, such as radio waves, satellite links, or wired connections.
● Telemetry systems are commonly used in the aerospace industry to monitor the performance of
aircraft, rockets, and satellites. In this context, telemetry systems can transmit data such as
speed, altitude, temperature, and engine performance to ground stations for analysis.
● In the medical field, telemetry systems are used to monitor patients remotely. For example, a
telemetry system can monitor a patient's heart rate and send alerts to healthcare professionals
if there are any abnormalities.
● In transportation, telemetry systems are used in vehicles to monitor various parameters such as
speed, fuel level, and engine performance. This data can be used to optimize vehicle
performance and prevent accidents.
 What is Telemetry?

● In industrial control systems, telemetry systems are used to monitor and control processes such
as oil and gas pipelines, water treatment plants, and power grids. The telemetry system can
collect data from sensors and send commands to actuators to control the process remotely.

● Overall, telemetry systems are a critical technology that enables the remote measurement and
monitoring of data, which is essential in various fields to ensure safety, efficiency, and reliability.
 Advantages of Telemetry

The advantages of telemetry systems include:

● Remote monitoring: This is particularly useful in situations where human intervention may be
dangerous or impractical.
● Efficiency: Telemetry systems can automate data collection and analysis, which increases
efficiency and reduces the likelihood of errors. This can result in cost savings and improved
productivity.
● Timely intervention: This can improve safety, reduce downtime, and minimize the risk of
equipment failure.
● Improved Accuracy: Accurate data can improve decision-making and prevent costly errors.
● Flexibility: This flexibility allows for the adaptation of telemetry systems to meet changing
requirements.
● Scalability: Telemetry systems can be easily scaled up or down, depending on the needs of the
application. This scalability allows for the optimization of telemetry systems to meet changing
demands.
 Disadvantages of Telemetry

Disadvantages to consider are as follows:

● Cost: Telemetry systems can be expensive to install, operate, and maintain, particularly in large-
scale applications.
● Security risks: Because telemetry systems rely on wireless or wired communication, they can be
vulnerable to hacking and cyber-attacks, which can compromise the data and potentially cause
harm.
● Limited range: Telemetry systems typically have a limited range, which means that they may not
be suitable for applications that require long-distance transmission.
● Interference: Telemetry systems can be affected by interference from other wireless signals or
environmental factors such as weather conditions or terrain.
● Reliability: Telemetry systems may not always be reliable, particularly in harsh or unpredictable
environments.
● Power consumption: Telemetry systems require a source of power, which can be a challenge in
remote or off-grid locations.
 IoT devices used in Telemetry

IoT (Internet of Things) devices are increasingly being used in telemetry systems to enable remote
monitoring and control of devices and processes. Here are some examples of IoT devices used in
telemetry:
● Sensors: IoT sensors can be used to collect data on various parameters such as temperature,
humidity, pressure, and motion. Actuators: IoT actuators can be used to control processes such as
valves, pumps, and motors remotely. The central system can send commands to the actuators
wirelessly, enabling remote control of the process.
● Wearables: IoT wearables such as smartwatches can be used in telemetry systems to monitor a
person's vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation.
● Beacons: IoT beacons can be used in telemetry systems to track the location of assets or people. For
example, beacons can be placed on vehicles or equipment, and their location can be tracked
wirelessly in real-time.
● Gateways: IoT gateways can be used in telemetry systems to connect IoT devices to the internet or
other networks. Gateways can aggregate data from multiple IoT devices and transmit it to a central
system for analysis and control.
 IOT Communication :

IOT Communication :
● IoT is connection of devices over internet, where these smart
devices communicate with each other , exchange data ,
perform some tasks without any human involvement.
● These devices are embedded with electronics, software,
network and sensors which help in communication.
● Communication between smart devices is very important in
IOT as it enables these devices to gather, exchange data
which contribute in success of that IOT product/project.
 Human
Human toto Machine
Machine (H2M)
(H2M) : :

1. Human to Machine (H2M) :

In this human gives input to IOT

device i.e as speech/text/image etc.
IOT device (Machine) like like sensors
and actuators then understands input,
analyses it and responds back to Examples:
human by means of text or Visual
Display. This is very useful as these ● Facial recognition.
machines assist humans in every ● Bio-metric
everyday tasks. It is a combo of Attendance system.
software and hardware that includes ● Speech or voice
human interaction with a machine to recognition.
perform a task.
 Machine
Human to to Machine
Machine (M2M)
(H2M) : :

2. Machine to Machine (M2M) :

● In this the interaction or communication takes
place between machines by automating
data/programs. In this machine level
instructions are required for communication.
● Here communication takes place without
human interaction. The machines may be
either connected through wires or by wireless
connection.
● An M2M connection is a point-to-point
Examples:
connection between two network devices that
● Smart Washing machine
helps in transmitting information using public
sends alerts to the owners’
networking technologies like Ethernet and
smart devices after
cellular networks. completion of washing or
● IoT uses the basic concepts of M2M and drying of clothes.
expands by creating large “cloud” networks of ● Smart meters tracks amount
devices that communicate with one another of energy used in household
through cloud networking platforms. or in companies and
automatically alert the owner.
 Machine
Human to Human
to Machine (M2H)
(H2M) : :

3. Machine to Human (M2H) :

● In this machine interacts with
Humans. Machine triggers information
(text messages/images/voice/signals)
respective / irrespective of any human
presence.
● This type of communication is most Examples:
commonly used where machines guide
humans in their daily life. It is way of ● Fire Alarms
interaction in which humans co-work ● Traffic Light
with smart systems and other ● Fitness bands
machines by using tools or devices to ● Health monitoring
finish a task. devices
 Human
Human to to Human
Machine (H2H)
(H2M) : :

4. Human to Human (H2H) :

● This is generally how humans
communicate with each other to
exchange information by speech,
writing, drawing, facial expressions,
body language etc.
● Without H2H, M2M applications
cannot produce the expected benefits
unless humans can immediately fix
issues, solve challenges, and manage
scenarios.
 IoT Communication
Human Models
to Machine (H2M) :
1. Request & Response Model –
● This model follows a client-server
architecture.The client, when
required, requests the information
from the server.
● This request is usually in the encoded
format.
● This model is stateless since the data
between the requests is not retained
and each request is independently
handled.
● The server Categories the request,
and fetches the data from the
database and its resource
representation. This data is
converted to response and is
transferred in an encoded format to
the client. The client, in turn,
receives the response.
 IoT Communication
Human Models
to Machine (H2M) :

2. Publisher-Subscriber Model –
● This model comprises three entities:
Publishers, Brokers, and Consumers.
● Publishers are the source of data. It
sends the data to the topic which are
managed by the broker. They are not
aware of consumers.
● Consumers subscribe to the topics
which are managed by the broker.
● Hence, Brokers responsibility is to
accept data from publishers and send it
to the appropriate consumers.
● The broker only has the information
regarding the consumer to which a
particular topic belongs to which the
publisher is unaware of.
 IoT Communication
Human Models
to Machine (H2M) :

3. Push-Pull Model –
● The push-pull model constitutes data
publishers, data consumers, and data
queues.
● Publishers and Consumers are not aware of
each other.
● Publishers publish the message/data and
push it into the queue. The consumers,
present on the other side, pull the data out
of the queue. Thus, the queue acts as the
buffer for the message when the difference
occurs in the rate of push or pull of data on
the side of a publisher and consumer.
● Queues help in decoupling the messaging
between the producer and consumer. Queues
also act as a buffer which helps in situations
where there is a mismatch between the rate
at which the producers push the data and
consumers pull the data.
Human
IoTtoApplications
Machine (H2M) :
 Human to Machine
Asset (H2M) :
Management

● Asset Management (or asset tracking) is the process of keeping track of your company’s physical
assets and their information. Depending on your business, physical assets can mean different kinds of
equipment, IT devices, tools or vehicles, for example.
● Asset Management Softwares
● To make operations run more smoothly, many companies have started using dedicated asset management
solutions, which allow every employee to easily access and update assets’ information. Implementing this
kind of solution usually means that a company’s assets are tagged with asset tags (barcodes, QR codes,
NFC tags, etc.) and managed using an asset management software. The asset tags can be scanned with
mobile devices, and they act as links between the physical items and their information in the database.
 Human to Machine
Asset (H2M) :
Management

Use Cases for IoT-enabled Asset Management

Based on the gathered data, IoT-enabled asset management solutions can provide companies
with real-time alerts, predictive analytics, automatic reporting, data insights and more. Here are
some use cases for IoT-enabled asset management:
● Locations: Automatic location data, asset tracing and geofencing solutions (e.g. utilizing
GPS trackers).
● Usage hours: Automatic tracking of usage hours and notifications about reached threshold
values (e.g. acceleration sensors).
● Warehouse inventory: Automatic warehouse inventories without any separate inventory
events (e.g. BLE beacons).
● Material flows: Automatic tracking and reporting of material flows (e.g. RFID tags).
 Human to Machine (H2M) :
Key trends in IoT based Asset Management

Here are some of the key trends in IoT based Asset Management:
● Remote Asset Tracking: IoT uses cloud-based technology, helping employees to retrieve information on
the various assets anytime, anywhere.
● Asset Health/Condition Monitoring: Cost-efficient and proactive method to evaluate the various health
indicators and associated risks, events, policy execution history, and recommendations for improved asset
health.
● Asset Lifecycle Management: Comprehensive record of asset portfolio optimizing the profit generated by
the various assets throughout their lifecycle.
● Asset Workflow Automation: Taking care of mundane and monotonous work to accelerate business
processes, reduce errors, and increase team productivity through powerful automation capabilities.
● Predictive Asset Maintenance: Stay alert of your asset shutdowns and downtime by understanding the
performance threshold and planning backup measures accordingly.
 Human to Machine (H2M) :
Real Time Examples of Asset Management System
 Human to Machine (H2M) :
Telematics
Telematics is the integration of telecommunications and informatics in the field of vehicular technology, and it plays a crucial
role in the Internet of Things (IoT) by enabling the remote monitoring and control of vehicles and their systems. Here are
some ways in which telematics is used in IoT:
● Vehicle tracking: Telematics devices can be used to track the location of vehicles in real-time using GPS technology.
This can help fleet managers optimize routes, monitor driver behavior, and improve safety.
● Remote diagnostics: Telematics devices can monitor vehicle systems such as the engine, brakes, and transmission and
transmit data to a central system for analysis. This can help identify potential issues before they become serious
problems, reducing maintenance costs and downtime.
● Insurance: Telematics devices can be used in insurance programs to monitor driver behavior and assess risk. This can
help insurance companies offer personalized policies based on driving habits and reward safe driving behavior with
lower premiums.
● Smart parking: Telematics devices can be used to monitor parking spaces and transmit data to a central system, enabling
drivers to find available parking spaces quickly and efficiently.
● Infotainment: Telematics devices can be used to provide drivers with access to music, news, weather, and other
information through a connected infotainment system.
 Human to Machine (H2M) :
Fleet telematics system
● A Fleet Telematics System (FTS) allows the information exchange between a commercial vehicle fleet and
their central authority, i.e., the dispatching office. A FTS typically consists of mobile Vehicle Systems (VS)
and a stationary Fleet Communication System (FCS).
● The FCS may be a stand-alone application maintained by the motor carrier or an internet service running
by the supplier of the system. The FCS usually includes a database in which all vehicle positions and
messages are stored.
● Fleet telematics gathers a range of data using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology, sensors and
vehicle engine data to provide fleet operators with the information they need to manage their fleet.
 Human to Machine
SCADA (H2M) :
● SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, and it refers to a
type of computer system used to monitor and control industrial processes,
such as manufacturing or power generation.
● SCADA systems are typically used in industries where large-scale operations
are performed, and where it is important to have real-time monitoring and
control of various processes.
● The main components of a SCADA system include sensors and actuators,
which are used to collect data and control physical processes, and a central
computer system that processes the data and sends commands to the
actuators.
● The system is typically controlled by specialized software that allows
operators to monitor and control the processes remotely.
 Human to Machine
SCADA (H2M) :

● SCADA systems are important because they provide a way for operators to
remotely monitor and control industrial processes, which can improve
safety, efficiency, and productivity. They are used in a wide range of
industries, including manufacturing, power generation, oil and gas, water
treatment, and transportation.
 Human to Machine
Benefits (H2M)
of modern :
SCADA

The benefits of updating legacy SCADA systems include the following:

● Scalability. Modern SCADA systems are more scalable than legacy systems
for several reasons, including better availability of supported hardware and
software and use of cloud computing to meet workload demand.
● Interoperability. Legacy SCADA systems rely on proprietary hardware and
software, resulting in vendor lock-in.
● Communications. Modern SCADA systems support more widely supported
and modern communications protocols, which enable greater accessibility to
SCADA data and controls.
● Support. Legacy SCADA systems may have limited options for support, while
modern systems are more likely to be well supported by vendors.
Human to Machine
SCADA (H2M) :
Architecture
 Human
Whatto Is
Machine (H2M)
Cellular IoT? :

● Cellular IoT is a way of connecting physical things (like

sensors) to the internet by having them piggyback on the
same mobile networks as smartphones.
● Its infrastructural simplicity combined with the dawn of 5G
positions cellular IoT as a strong player in the connectivity
space.
● The way you get a device connected should be easy and
reliable. You should have the cloud agility and software
flexibility you expect from any solution.
Human to Machine (H2M) :
What Is Cellular IoT?
Human
Whatto Is
Machine (H2M)
Cellular IoT? :
 Human to
Application Machine
Cases (H2M) : IoT?
of Cellular
 Human
Is Cellular to Machine
Connectivity (H2M)
a Good :
Option for
IoT?
● It all comes down to your specific Applications. As mentioned in the
introduction, cellular has historically been a bad fit for many IoT
applications because it consumes a lot of power and can be costly on a per-
unit basis. This has limited cellular connectivity to applications that have a
direct power source, need to send a lot of data, don’t involve a ton of
devices, and are in populated areas.
● For Applications that require sensors/devices to be battery powered, don’t
require a lot of data to be sent, have thousands of devices, or that might be
remote, cellular hasn’t been an appropriate choice. But some of that is
changing.
● Carriers are pushing forward with new cellular technologies like NB-IoT and
LTE-M which are specifically aimed at the Internet of Things. While you
would still need to be near populated areas (to be near cell towers), these
technologies will provide low cost, low bandwidth, low power connectivity
that will enable a plethora of new IoT Applications that are currently cost-
prohibitive.