HEY YOU!
DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal
LEARNING
TIME
DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal
CHARACTERISTICS &
ENVIRONMENT OF
DATABASE
Lecture 2
DATABASE MODELS
Are visual representations of an enterprise's data
elements and the connections between them. By
helping to define and structure data in the context
of relevant business processes, models support the
development of effective information systems.
DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal
Hierarchical databases are the oldest database models.. The
hierarchical database was the first one developed and therefore
was commonly used in the first mainframe database management
systems. They were developed out of the 1950s and 60s
Information Management Systems.
This concept uses a hierarchical tree structure to organize the
data. The hierarchy begins at the root, which contains root data,
and then grows into a tree as child nodes are added to the parent
node.
HIERARCHICAL DATABASES
DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA
Secugal
NETWORK MODEL The network model represents
data as record types. This
model also represents a limited
type of one to many
This model was formalized by the relationship called a set type
Database Task group in the 1960s. This
model is the generalization of the
hierarchical model. This model can
consist of multiple parent segments and
these segments are grouped as levels
but there exists a logical association
between the segments belonging to any
level. Mostly, there exists a many-to-
many logical association between any of
the two segments. We called graphs the
logical associations between the
segments.
DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal
RELATIONAL MODEL
An approach to logically represent
and manage the data stored in a
database by storing data in tables.
Relations, Attributes and Tuples,
Degree and Cardinality, Relational
Schema and Relation instance, and
Relation Keys are some important
components of the Relational Model.
DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal
TYPES OF
DATABASE
ACCORDING TO NUMBER:
SINGLE USER DATABASE
Supports only one user at a time.
Desktop Database – a single-user database that runs
on a personal computer
DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal
MULTIUSER DATABASE
supports multiple users at the same time.
Workgroup Database – a multiuser database that
supports a relatively small number of users (usually
fewer than 50) or a specific department within an
organization
Enterprise Database – a database that is used by the
entire organization and supports many users (more than
50, usually hundreds) across many departments.
DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal
TYPES OF DATABASE
ACCORDING TO LOCATION:
Centralized Database – a Distributed Database – a
database that supports database that supports
data located at a single data distributed across
site. several different site.
DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal
BASIC FILE TERMINOLOGY
DP DPM DD
DATA PROCESSING DATA PROCESSING DATABASE DESIGN
SPECIALIST MANAGER
the one that supervises a DP refers to the activities that focus on
department the design of the design structure
creates a necessary computer fi le
that will be used to store and
structures, often wrote the software that
managed the data within those structures manage end-user data.
and designed the application programs that
produces reports based on the fi le data.
DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal
TERMINOLOGIES
DATA
are “raw” facts. Example: customer name, age etc.
FIELD
a character or group of characters (alphabet or numeric)
that has a specific meaning.
RECORD
a logically connected set of one or more fields that
describes a person, place or thing
FILE
a collection of related records
DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal
3GL VS. 4GL
FOURTH-
Third-Generation Language (3GL) – a GENERATION
programming that requires the programmer to LANGUAGE (4GL)
specify what must be done and how it is done a programming
Example:
Common Business-Oriented Language that allows the
(COBOL) user to specify
C++
what must be
done without
specifying how
it must be done
DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal
3GL VS. 4GL SAMPLE CODE
3GL (Generic Code)
DO WHILE NOT EOF()
READ CUSTOMER
IF CUSTOMER.C_ZIP=“36123”
THEN PRINT C_NAME,C_PHONE, C_ZIP;
ENDDO;
4GL (SQL Code)
SELECT C_NAME, C_PHONE, C_ZIP
FROM CUSTOMER
WHERE CUSTOMER.C_ZIP=‘36123’;
DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal
STRUCTURAL AND DATA
DEPENDENCE
STRUCTURAL DEPENDENCE – ACCESS TO A
FILE IS DEPENDENT ON ITS STRUCTURE
STRUCTURAL INDEPENDENCE – EXIST WHEN
IT IS POSSIBLE TO MAKE CHANGES IN THE
FILE STRUCTURE WITHOUT AFFECTING THE
APPLICATION PROGRAM’S ABILITY TO
ACCESS THE DATA
DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal
STRUCTURAL AND DATA
DEPENDENCE
D ATA D E P E N D E N C E – A DATA AC C E S S T H AT A R E
S U B J E C T T O C H A N G E W H E N A N Y O F T H E F I L E ’ S DATA
S T O RAG E C H A RAC T E R I S T I C S C H A N G E ( L I K E C H A N G I N G
T H E DATA T Y P E S )
D ATA I N D E P E N D E N C E – E X I S T W H E N I T I S P O S S I B L E T O
M A K E C H A N G E S I N T H E DATA S T O RAG E
C H A RAC T E R I S T I C S W I T H O U T A F F E C T I N G T H E
A P P L I C AT I O N P R O G RA M ’ S A B I L I T Y T O AC C E S S T H E
DATA
DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal
STRUCTURAL AND DATA
DEPENDENCE
Logical Data Format – it is how
human being view the data
Physical Data Format – it is how
the computer “sees” the data
DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal
DATABASE SYSTEM
ENVIRONMENT
refers to an organization of components that
define and regulate the collection, storage,
management and use of data within a database
environment.
DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal
FIVE MAJOR PARTS OF
DATABASE SYSTEM:
HARDWARE
refers to all system’s physical devices
SOFTWARE
refers to the intangible part of the database
Operating System – manages all hardware components
and makes it possible for all other software to run on the
computer
DBMS Software – manages the database system
Application Programs and Utility Software – used to
access and manipulate data in DBMS and to manage the
computer environment in which data access and
DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal
manipulation takes place
PEOPLE
it includes all the users of the database system
Five Types of Users:
System Administrator – oversee the database system’s general
Operations
Database Administrator (aka DBA) – manages the DBMS ensure that
the database is functioning properly
Database Designer – designs the database structure
System Analyst and Programmers – designs and implements the
application program
End Users – the people who use the application programs to run the
organization’s daily operation
PROCEDURES
are the instructions and rules that govern the design and
use of the database system
DATA
covers the collection of facts stored in the database
DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal
